tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20099018184832190672024-03-12T22:18:18.040-05:00A More General Diffusion of KnowledgeA website and blog dedicated to the expansion of history education.Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.comBlogger127125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-36444657946784082622019-01-22T15:37:00.001-06:002019-01-22T15:37:00.668-06:00State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century - ppt video online download<a href="https://slideplayer.com/slide/4533564/#.XEeM9b0cI7o.blogger">State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century - ppt video online download</a>: TimelineXathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-67156014597029739212018-06-24T14:50:00.002-05:002018-06-24T14:50:49.768-05:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6DYWd-wR_bwD4bgfcEegtnvYvuKw3ry31PscCNoizJSGSdUyHsPxbYUSHmFqZVfdSO2btQqbdZfw4ATWgXy-TkoZuYvWI8LYq-Aw6J1BcrT-Ewd55BX-n4qUwVlf1eGhR0yRfEDwpL0PP/s1600/Spielvogel+10th+Ed..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="312" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6DYWd-wR_bwD4bgfcEegtnvYvuKw3ry31PscCNoizJSGSdUyHsPxbYUSHmFqZVfdSO2btQqbdZfw4ATWgXy-TkoZuYvWI8LYq-Aw6J1BcrT-Ewd55BX-n4qUwVlf1eGhR0yRfEDwpL0PP/s320/Spielvogel+10th+Ed..jpg" width="249" /></a></div>
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I have to admit I am a bit excited right now. I am putting together the course for Western Civilization II which I will be guiding students through for the Fall 2018 semester at Moberly Area Community College. This is the first time I've taught this course, so I have some work to do on it.<br />
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In looking at what to include in the course, the most obvious thing that stands out is What is Western Civilization? How does one define Western Civilization? I've seen several approaches to teaching the course (content wise, not instructional philosophy) and most end up teaching European History II. I can understand why this is the modus operandi in Western Civilization I because so much of the focus derives from Greek and Roman eras and their influence, but for WC II this becomes problematic.<br />
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First of all, Western Civilization is exported on a global scale in the time period covered in WC II. The collusion of peoples which is explored in WC I as being between Europe and the Near East expands and becomes Europe versus the Far East. Religious conflict which had been between Christians and Muslims is transformed to conflict between Christians while at the same time also being between Christians and all other forms of religion. The expansion of economic power generated struggle on a global scale as the balance of power for Western Civilization shifted from the Mediterranean Basin to the North Atlantic coast.<br />
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Rather than focus exclusively on Europe, I think the focus has to include the Atlantic World concept as well. We will have to focus on Europe for the most part. There is no question that Europe dominated the world stage from 1500 to 1950. Its expansion across the globe is undeniable as well as its impact on every continent and culture it contacted. Yet, at the same time, we have to understand that what we term Western Civilization changed dramatically as the result of the contact with other peoples on a global scale.<br />
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Western Civilization II is really a story about a changing civilization as the result of multiple events. As the peoples of Europe adapted to the changes taking place, they in turn caused more change. Unlike earlier periods of time which remained fairly static for lengthy periods of time, change began occurring faster and faster in the last 500 years. As with any change, institutions, traditions, and people reacted to those changes. Those that failed to adapt were either changed themselves or replaced. None remained the same.<br />
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As we today see rapid change, we ourselves face a novel concept which threatens to change the way we perceive the world around us now. I find it interesting because the perceptions we hold for our worldview today are derived from the development of the nation-state in the 17th century. Those perceptions are going to change over time as we see the emergence of larger regional blocs of nations working in concert along economic, political, military, and social lines (and thus replacing existing economic, political, military, and social lines) or devolving into a patchwork quilt of micro-states built along religious, cultural, and racial lines locked into competition for resources (and thus quite likely replicating the same problems that caused so much warfare over hundreds of years).<br />
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Which way do we go from here? To solve any problem, one should always look to its cause before beginning to develop solutions. The key to so many of the world's problems lie in a thorough and grounded study of its past. Unfortunately, far too many people reject factual history in favor of a history which only serves to support a national mythology. Even sadder is the realization that politicians will often support the national mythology over factual history to further their own political power.<br />
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Our hope lies in the education of peoples. Why do I say this? Western Civilization II is also the development of the intellectual capacity of people. From the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Age of Enlightenment, to our Information Age today, people have sought to turn back the darkness. Inquiry and understanding are the modalities of historical thought and the world has benefited from those. In the teaching of history through courses like Western Civilization II, we educate people to use those modalities in viewing the world around them. Small wonder reactionary people belittle and deride intellectualism because they realize their very existence is threatened by people who employ critical thinking skills through their use of inquiry and understanding.<br />
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Yes, I am really looking forward to teaching this course this fall!<br />
Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-63089682333477609172018-04-19T13:25:00.001-05:002018-04-19T13:25:33.683-05:00Many today associate the 1950s with the birth of rock ‘n’ roll, hula hoops and coonskin caps, and perfect television families. However, the decade proved. - ppt download<a href="http://slideplayer.com/slide/6630620/#.WtjfFyZnT38.blogger">Many today associate the 1950s with the birth of rock ‘n’ roll, hula hoops and coonskin caps, and perfect television families. However, the decade proved. - ppt download</a>Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-58152440789395093112016-07-17T17:29:00.001-05:002016-07-17T17:29:25.308-05:00Thinking Like A Historian - Context as a Historical Thinking Skill<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXqJfpIGcKomHa7AdTiTR9jI4IPISZtW6y6i_vLZWmvJzalyZIx0pR0HTlBkbL-EQ66d4gjIdESfFMx2hoRLSYxgldVm1p3PcUfDTxN71fB81xXZFfknHW4aXhO_N_yPwO9if0Qtva889a/s1600/The+Art+of+Teaching+History.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="43" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXqJfpIGcKomHa7AdTiTR9jI4IPISZtW6y6i_vLZWmvJzalyZIx0pR0HTlBkbL-EQ66d4gjIdESfFMx2hoRLSYxgldVm1p3PcUfDTxN71fB81xXZFfknHW4aXhO_N_yPwO9if0Qtva889a/s320/The+Art+of+Teaching+History.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Now that I
am caught up for a bit on my doctoral study, I have some time to work on the
next C of historical thinking. For this post we will examine <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Context </i>or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Contextualization</i>. In the Advanced Placement course, this skill is
part of the broader Making Historical Connections skill along with Comparison
and Synthesis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Context</i> covers all of
these as well when used in the Five C’s exploration of historical thinking. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipCyIBaw791cwEExvKmyoHHhLzYK5fShGO1wwghhtodlyDCuDTJNsiq0LW7KXdHorpClQ6vTH3Atd3bcMOVaXXOh7DhDbWZ23WNc7Hih_XM0_I5HZYU-Z00g8tAvLIeTpAfW22FnGMbCiC/s1600/Context+word+jumble.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipCyIBaw791cwEExvKmyoHHhLzYK5fShGO1wwghhtodlyDCuDTJNsiq0LW7KXdHorpClQ6vTH3Atd3bcMOVaXXOh7DhDbWZ23WNc7Hih_XM0_I5HZYU-Z00g8tAvLIeTpAfW22FnGMbCiC/s320/Context+word+jumble.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Employing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">context</i> as a historical thinking skill
is probably the most difficult skill to master as a historian. My survey
courses help teach my students <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">causation</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">change over time</i> and help them to
understand the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">complexity</i> of history,
but only generally help make them aware of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">contingency</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">context</i>. It takes time for
budding historians to develop this skill, so anyone who is not a trained
historian will probably have a bit of difficulty in understanding what <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">context</i> is and how this skill is critical
to becoming a historian.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I run into
people who have issues with context all the time. They see something from the
past, realize it is connected in some way to something in the present, and leap
to a conclusion. This conclusion is almost always colored by the individual’s
21<sup>st</sup> century experiences, ideas, and concepts. In short, the person
is looking at the past through the lens of the present. This is termed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">presentism</i> by historians.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvtb4ukHy2hfRuRJWd4QUpoZoBzRCCiLGhP0hKbp7DodgssFHIg2FaIQlbpjRY74JZpHibi2Qb9m_ajSS9dG3wnmFq6kGX17DZXFqGbyyMoYrQoekzTcFi4_RyIMjeLt0AUAhvikyyuLbY/s1600/context_rings.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvtb4ukHy2hfRuRJWd4QUpoZoBzRCCiLGhP0hKbp7DodgssFHIg2FaIQlbpjRY74JZpHibi2Qb9m_ajSS9dG3wnmFq6kGX17DZXFqGbyyMoYrQoekzTcFi4_RyIMjeLt0AUAhvikyyuLbY/s320/context_rings.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Using the
historical thinking skill of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">context, </i>historians
look at the past using a lot of sources, both primary and secondary, to develop
a broad picture of an event. They seek out multiple perspectives and ground the
event firmly within the time period it occurred in. They compare these
perspectives against each other while also integrating the perspectives into
the larger picture. In doing this, they look before and after the event’s occurrence
in time so as to see how the event was shaped by prior events as well as how
the event helped to shape later events. They also look to multiple historical
themes because often events occur and involve multiple themes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is how
historians provide <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">context</i> for the
events of the past. Obviously it is not simple. Most people prefer quick and easy
solutions or answers to their questions. Historians are notorious for saying
something is complicated when asked a question about the past and expected to
deliver a quick answer in a short time span. My favorite example is from the
Yale Online lecture series. David Blight, the professor whose lectures were
videotaped and used in this series remarked on the time he was asked to be on a
radio program which was going to cover a Civil War event. During the program,
the radio host asked him what the cause of the Civil War was during a
momentarily lull in the program and expected Professor Blight to give the
answer in less than 60 seconds. Anyone who studies the Civil War very long
knows that answering that question takes hours. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo-loorX0k9Q-xvXXBfRPF6CNKZkkcGtCkTEgaiiFmSDEemT-sJ3LwRiy3rsCDOjbAjQVjDGk4TM8mjy76zPFcrSnJqXqOC3GpaHyEk0u0LRPVtVZLYnaosZmfDcETzrN79V2Lkz5m1mBj/s1600/DilbertContext.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo-loorX0k9Q-xvXXBfRPF6CNKZkkcGtCkTEgaiiFmSDEemT-sJ3LwRiy3rsCDOjbAjQVjDGk4TM8mjy76zPFcrSnJqXqOC3GpaHyEk0u0LRPVtVZLYnaosZmfDcETzrN79V2Lkz5m1mBj/s320/DilbertContext.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
example helps to explain why understanding <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">context</i>
is so difficult. The past exists on its terms and cannot be shaped or changed.
It is literally beyond our ability to do so. Yet the past shapes our present
and future. Understanding historical context is critical to helping us
understand what is occurring in our present and how to shape our future.
Getting that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">context </i>right is
important. It cannot be done quickly and easily, and this is where the majority
of people fail when it comes to developing this skill. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Advanced Placement course says this about <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">context</i>
within the larger heading of Making Historical Connections.</div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>Comparison - </b><span style="font-family: "Univers LT Std 55","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">Historical thinking involves the
ability to identify, compare, and evaluate multiple perspectives on a given
historical event in order to draw conclusions about that event.</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Univers LT Std 55","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">It also involves the ability to
describe, compare, and evaluate multiple historical developments within one
society, one or more developments across or between different societies, and in
various chronological and geographical contexts.</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>Contextualization - </b><span style="font-family: "Univers LT Std 55","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">Historical thinking involves the
ability to connect historical events and processes to specific circumstances of
time and place as well as broader regional, national, or global processes.</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>Synthesis - </b><span style="font-family: "Univers LT Std 55","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">Historical thinking involves the
ability to develop understanding of the past by making meaningful and
persuasive historical and/or cross-disciplinary connections between a given
historical issue and other historical contexts, periods, themes, or
disciplines.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrpL_YhFBkg0cYqCYD1GKCWdXMJ9leASrbH9LW-sIkHhyphenhyphencd7k5wqGgL0HKSAk3dkqmXM8qlbWeXkN64BKxsod9shAF-C9F0yShtmImE5Ze6bpAEsdf74vG0VWiDe3it0_IXXsyHX_5d01G/s1600/Context-is-king.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrpL_YhFBkg0cYqCYD1GKCWdXMJ9leASrbH9LW-sIkHhyphenhyphencd7k5wqGgL0HKSAk3dkqmXM8qlbWeXkN64BKxsod9shAF-C9F0yShtmImE5Ze6bpAEsdf74vG0VWiDe3it0_IXXsyHX_5d01G/s320/Context-is-king.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The skill
takes a lot of work to develop. Considering that the AP course is taught over
the course of a school year in a high school setting and covers US History from
pre-contact 1492 to the modern era, it is understandable why these students are
expected to reach a certain level of proficiency in this skill. In comparison,
my community college students often only receive one semester’s course covering
half of what the AP students cover. The AP students just get more time to
develop the skill. Even then, a lot of the development of this skill rests on
the teaching methods of the instructor. Regardless of whether a student is in
college or an AP History student, they both are expected to reach some
proficiency in the skill.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We as history professors and/or AP instructors should expect
our students to be able to:</div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>Comparison </b></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>C1</b><span style="font-family: "Univers LT Std 55","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">—Compare diverse perspectives
represented in primary and secondary sources in order to draw conclusions about
one or more historical events.</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>C2</b><span style="font-family: "Univers LT Std 55","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">—Compare different historical
individuals, events, developments, and/or processes, analyzing both
similarities and differences in order to draw historically valid conclusions.
Comparisons can be made across different time periods, across different
geographical locations, and between different historical events or developments
within the same time period and/or geographical location.</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>Contextualization</b></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>C3</b><span style="font-family: "Univers LT Std 55","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">—Situate historical events,
developments, or processes within the broader regional, national, or global
context in which they occurred in order to draw conclusions about their
relative significance.</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>Synthesis</b></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>C4</b><span style="font-family: "Univers LT Std 55","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">—Make connections between a given
historical issue and related developments in a different historical context,
geographical area, period, or era, including the present.</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>C5</b><span style="font-family: "Univers LT Std 55","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">—Make connections between different
course themes and/or approaches to history (such as political, economic,
social, cultural, or intellectual) for a given historical issue. </span></div>
<div class="Default">
<b>C6</b><span style="font-family: "Univers LT Std 55","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">—Use insights from a different
discipline or field of inquiry (such as economics, government, and politics,
art history, anthropology) to better understand a given historical issue. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Looks simple, doesn’t it? How we go about getting our
students to understand this skill requires some work. I use a framework called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thinking like a Historian.</i> It was
developed in Wisconsin and employed some of the resources from the University
of Wisconsin as well as assistance from the American Historical Association,
the Organization of American Historians, the National Council for History
Education, the National History Standards, and state standards for Wisconsin
and California. It is applicable to both high school and college students. You can
learn more about this framework by going to <a href="http://teachinghistory.org/best-practices/using-primary-sources/25226">http://teachinghistory.org/best-practices/using-primary-sources/25226</a>
or reading this source: <a href="http://nau.edu/uploadedFiles/Academic/CAL/History/History-Social_Studies_Education/Mandell,%20Thinking%20Like%20a%20Historian,%20Mag%20of%20History%20April%202008.pdf">http://nau.edu/uploadedFiles/Academic/CAL/History/History-Social_Studies_Education/Mandell,%20Thinking%20Like%20a%20Historian,%20Mag%20of%20History%20April%202008.pdf</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have already discussed the book that goes with this. It is
just one framework of many which are available to history educators.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisbILiATXf2TgWp_aF0JuoRxRq5eM9fXCw0d-wGUM8OZuzhuoGXt6IPrUkAqF9iQMZNLqDiO-RlYwDpRqW7opWB2EYz9BLc88lX8ln3sgM0fQg4iaPwhy62jby1e-85fB7mOJrNas4olTa/s1600/Think+Like+a+Historian.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisbILiATXf2TgWp_aF0JuoRxRq5eM9fXCw0d-wGUM8OZuzhuoGXt6IPrUkAqF9iQMZNLqDiO-RlYwDpRqW7opWB2EYz9BLc88lX8ln3sgM0fQg4iaPwhy62jby1e-85fB7mOJrNas4olTa/s320/Think+Like+a+Historian.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-4730304922254712762016-06-16T12:35:00.001-05:002016-06-16T12:35:18.702-05:00The Mad Historian's Athenauem<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9hlZJcw__nujE1eMI1dkni6RoQySkYaGJnozlzVXM1w_cq4OVK8c-NXiOD3cMBZQvfezQpigmiT_RWFsVaTe4BvzMDvEuvZM0cPzCUP_YasiCmqdwH0NcoVUF4ODzx3nKxIr89K0q2oYm/s1600/Historian%2527s+Athenaeum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9hlZJcw__nujE1eMI1dkni6RoQySkYaGJnozlzVXM1w_cq4OVK8c-NXiOD3cMBZQvfezQpigmiT_RWFsVaTe4BvzMDvEuvZM0cPzCUP_YasiCmqdwH0NcoVUF4ODzx3nKxIr89K0q2oYm/s320/Historian%2527s+Athenaeum.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnDqbVIqyTWuXf3nRa0thZJJQENO8lUCy83yNRdgketctPbV7YxcGeEvfS2yE7erHNIBq7QeiC2_wSpr6k-KTWjETrNdKQTpFXHVxIHMeZYb2zEiECw3nEne9w_dxemXsQsmAqiznijFVC/s1600/The+Art+of+Teaching+History.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="43" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnDqbVIqyTWuXf3nRa0thZJJQENO8lUCy83yNRdgketctPbV7YxcGeEvfS2yE7erHNIBq7QeiC2_wSpr6k-KTWjETrNdKQTpFXHVxIHMeZYb2zEiECw3nEne9w_dxemXsQsmAqiznijFVC/s320/The+Art+of+Teaching+History.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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I am doing a doubleheader with today's post. I am reviewing a book which I referenced earlier this week in my post on Causation. As you will quickly see, the colorful chart I used in that post is from this book.</div>
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Mandell, Nikki and Bobbie Malone.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thinking like a Historian: Rethinking
History Instruction. </i>Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2007. 136
ppg.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuFjkmm-yyGeqnrVTVPvJd8bZdvB0h6SnSqNmWktx74rAteSrsZr6WAkhH2idQsvnYtz4FKwFLs7aStIo6QMWGtrRb-N_6ChE_jF4WXowpLIZFaXXOsD5jcj56G9rWfmy3QvlUa1jy0Eb6/s1600/Thinking+Like+a+Histoiran.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuFjkmm-yyGeqnrVTVPvJd8bZdvB0h6SnSqNmWktx74rAteSrsZr6WAkhH2idQsvnYtz4FKwFLs7aStIo6QMWGtrRb-N_6ChE_jF4WXowpLIZFaXXOsD5jcj56G9rWfmy3QvlUa1jy0Eb6/s320/Thinking+Like+a+Histoiran.gif" width="249" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This book
is a very interesting look at how to teach history in the K-12 classroom. I
picked it up to add to my pile of information on teaching history.
Unfortunately, most of that information is from sources focused on K-12. There
is nothing wrong with that, except I am trying to develop a teaching and
learning model for teaching history in community colleges. This book contains
good information for doing so with the caveat that the content must be adapted
to fit into community college teaching. The authors are educators which who
have worked with other educators to construct a pedagogical model for use in
K-12 in the state of Wisconsin. This is a very laudable goal. It also shows
that the practices discussed in this book are not theoretical, but are
practices in use in actual classrooms.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They
present their Thinking like a Historian framework through lessons tailored to
specific grade levels throughout the book. The use of primary sources and
secondary sources is made explicit in the lessons which show how this
development in historical analysis has made deep inroads in history education.
This is a very good thing and hopefully will eventually be the order of the
day. Mandell and Malone have done a good job in taking elements of historical
pedagogy and putting them together in a coherent framework. The chapters make
good sense of these elements and have a solid way of presenting the
information.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5q3kp_FM3zRpyTuHrhjmb4zn3Nr9wY47-fJT0_p3eukT6opj_nyJ-x_mnQScjyiD1SmtxsjyRzi_o7dGU8Y2eas7fs3YlUQhcLP1uPwOnW_gWCLU7E9yyH5ePEI2pzJ2nBsoBIaBcSevZ/s1600/Collaborative+Learning.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5q3kp_FM3zRpyTuHrhjmb4zn3Nr9wY47-fJT0_p3eukT6opj_nyJ-x_mnQScjyiD1SmtxsjyRzi_o7dGU8Y2eas7fs3YlUQhcLP1uPwOnW_gWCLU7E9yyH5ePEI2pzJ2nBsoBIaBcSevZ/s320/Collaborative+Learning.png" width="320" /></a> The lessons were extremely useful in the development of the lessons I constructed to cover these same concerns in my own classes. On the surface it sounds easy to build a lesson to get students to put historical thinking skills into play, but my experience in doing so has shown me that instructors have to literally build a survey course around the development of these skills. Students just do not have these skills developed in the K-12 institutions around my community college. That is where this book comes in really handy along with some others. I use a collaborative learning method to emphasize the development of these skills because that seems to promote active learning and get students to interact with each other in utilizing the skills.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUFNlvzv8xi2nAKj86YWZXuuYitqGT_Bc4gygfyCn4C3t1UG1ql7jkDUu8Pg6FSPBsW-ps3dtWMsOkqkkGeCjvgLrwU7fUo8yCAccly8lD160NAZjMdIFrUUnaJe1k1zNGBRdnWT169XEu/s1600/Engaged+College+Students.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUFNlvzv8xi2nAKj86YWZXuuYitqGT_Bc4gygfyCn4C3t1UG1ql7jkDUu8Pg6FSPBsW-ps3dtWMsOkqkkGeCjvgLrwU7fUo8yCAccly8lD160NAZjMdIFrUUnaJe1k1zNGBRdnWT169XEu/s320/Engaged+College+Students.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I
especially liked the way they discussed the use of sources and what they are.
Primary and secondary sources are absolutely vital to historical analysis.
Understanding what they are and how to use is something that every instructor
has to know. Not only that, they also need to be able to explain what these
sources how and why they matter to students. Research has shown that when
students are engaged with sources, they respond positively to them. In
addition, the role of context has to be explained to them as well so that they
can place the information from the sources within the historical context.
Without this, the primary sources become information blobs that lack a coherent
structure. All told, if you are going to be a K-12 history teacher, this book
is a very worthy addition to your collection as well as guide to preparing
lessons.</div>
Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-22772869242510331252016-06-12T21:45:00.000-05:002016-06-12T21:45:26.250-05:00Thinking Like A Historian-Causation as a Historical Thinking Skill<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgQw0CUMo-OQKXzYBbOoN4jI6zhSbtcVXdynDVOvO7yNvF3uBCV6nQk2mlv-Y0EpkMFU5vY-U92h7ZmU9fE6xPG_ivWkPCqcj_2FMNTtT7T5OxavKBZO8wghRbtniygUE3xlpoL7ofJt7M/s1600/The+Art+of+Teaching+History.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="43" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgQw0CUMo-OQKXzYBbOoN4jI6zhSbtcVXdynDVOvO7yNvF3uBCV6nQk2mlv-Y0EpkMFU5vY-U92h7ZmU9fE6xPG_ivWkPCqcj_2FMNTtT7T5OxavKBZO8wghRbtniygUE3xlpoL7ofJt7M/s320/The+Art+of+Teaching+History.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggRND6M_Ad1Rea79iLv3ypBAs9wbA3MmrBQ0kr416dt-1xw1RrmefjGDRsOYYY2z7kkIVxvdtZpIRb3tTKSi4b8Pq36yrxni46XdqTH1aEBSdDyGrk-_vqKyTBDeH4HWX0R7SapYKxEQko/s1600/AP+US+History-2015+version.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggRND6M_Ad1Rea79iLv3ypBAs9wbA3MmrBQ0kr416dt-1xw1RrmefjGDRsOYYY2z7kkIVxvdtZpIRb3tTKSi4b8Pq36yrxni46XdqTH1aEBSdDyGrk-_vqKyTBDeH4HWX0R7SapYKxEQko/s320/AP+US+History-2015+version.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Recently I had an opportunity to grade for the College Board on the AP History exams. My assignment was the short essays. I graded over 2000 of the answers written by students who took the AP United States History course at their high school or through home schooling. It was an interesting experience and one which I am grateful to have had the opportunity to partake in. I plan on doing it again next year and if scheduling works out, will go to the site and meet many of the instructors involved.</span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpVRIH4QfRhZ5ECHfyfdnSANKAPJbDMT9W4LTVHokwvXGUMZyDAxVxjIBG5o8j3Soh03Lu1u7MoXUU42Stfvf48KbIMRetKsEvjWwObxBa7_dIU0ronn-3Gt-SS-fwvMHrc7yEKLhsCRxh/s1600/How+do+we+know+what+we+know.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpVRIH4QfRhZ5ECHfyfdnSANKAPJbDMT9W4LTVHokwvXGUMZyDAxVxjIBG5o8j3Soh03Lu1u7MoXUU42Stfvf48KbIMRetKsEvjWwObxBa7_dIU0ronn-3Gt-SS-fwvMHrc7yEKLhsCRxh/s320/How+do+we+know+what+we+know.jpg" width="233" /></a> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">The AP History exam is graded differently than the way I grade in my classrooms. It took a bit to get used to it, but once I did the system worked well. I wanted to learn more about how the students learned or what the instructors were supposed to be teaching the students. I had already looked over the AP History course a few times, but this time I really got into the mechanics. I also took a good look at the part where the instructors are supposed to be teaching students what history is and to promote the development of historical thinking.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> This is important because the grading of the exams involved grading answers that were supposed to be written using cause and effect answers or the causation portion of historical thinking. The AP course uses the following explanation of causation:</span></span><br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Univers LT Std 55",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">Historical thinking
involves the ability to identify, analyze, and evaluate the relationships among
historical causes and effects, distinguishing between those that are long term
and proximate. Historical thinking also involves the ability to distinguish
between causation and correlation, and an awareness of contingency, the way
that historical events result from a complex variety of factors that come
together in unpredictable ways and often have unanticipated consequences.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh59f7Kf0pLv1lZ_wpV51KS3K5pqjzREbgUgQJ407QEGwr8bHGaNpEfMCGryuo_T6wjSN_BiI75FxqEsy58VAytEJOk0vmLoUbeC76yfE8dV-AqzXtOFiC74ZZRViCHMkNDV6xT6gdpQ3te/s1600/HIstorical+Causuality.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh59f7Kf0pLv1lZ_wpV51KS3K5pqjzREbgUgQJ407QEGwr8bHGaNpEfMCGryuo_T6wjSN_BiI75FxqEsy58VAytEJOk0vmLoUbeC76yfE8dV-AqzXtOFiC74ZZRViCHMkNDV6xT6gdpQ3te/s320/HIstorical+Causuality.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Univers LT Std 55",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> That is part o</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">f the Chronolo<span style="font-family: inherit;">gical Reasoning section of the Historical Thinking Skill Categori<span style="font-family: inherit;">es. Patterns of Continu<span style="font-family: inherit;">ity and Change o<span style="font-family: inherit;">ver Time as well as Periodization are included <span style="font-family: inherit;">with Causation in this <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">singular</span> categor<span style="font-family: inherit;">y. The idea is that <span style="font-family: inherit;">students will use all of the nine thinking skills to develop their understanding of causation so as to enable them to explain events as follows: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Univers LT Std 45 Light",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 45 Light";">D1</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Univers LT Std 55",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">—Explain long and /or
short-term causes and/or effects of an historical event, development, or
process.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Univers LT Std 45 Light",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 45 Light";">D2</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Univers LT Std 55",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Univers LT Std 55";">—Evaluate the relative
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHRH7HAWyd3sgd5qPrINnvj1Ua-8Aszs_s8mF9IMB0G31T6d92rdRw2qT0FChUr1k29xEXVFrAWoPfEdqdJi2kSfYX5krwr6-_XpGO0zAcv-nJPHGpj0mZr8rqvrrPRTUymhkn91eE-Lit/s1600/Why+Study+History.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHRH7HAWyd3sgd5qPrINnvj1Ua-8Aszs_s8mF9IMB0G31T6d92rdRw2qT0FChUr1k29xEXVFrAWoPfEdqdJi2kSfYX5krwr6-_XpGO0zAcv-nJPHGpj0mZr8rqvrrPRTUymhkn91eE-Lit/s320/Why+Study+History.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPJIFndBcpAbdaYsUKVhF6zSD-Ob0CUb8IrfMxSggdk-tviuur4HVb5xOx3kgNwsGCY8Zh4e3r22BShG_h30RNhEFeM3HtYHlo7LPg4id1jQuEJqJPrVKaWdQUQyq-kly7mXRpdFyfmF53/s1600/Historical+Thinking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPJIFndBcpAbdaYsUKVhF6zSD-Ob0CUb8IrfMxSggdk-tviuur4HVb5xOx3kgNwsGCY8Zh4e3r22BShG_h30RNhEFeM3HtYHlo7LPg4id1jQuEJqJPrVKaWdQUQyq-kly7mXRpdFyfmF53/s320/Historical+Thinking.jpg" width="213" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%;"> Multiple historians have written on how to teach history using these five C's which Causation is part of. Sam Wineburg, John<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Fea, and James Smith are three which I have experience in learning from along with many others through their own actions and me<span style="font-family: inherit;">thods. Wineburg covered this <span style="font-family: inherit;">in his book <i>Historical Thinking and <span style="font-family: inherit;">Other Unus<span style="font-family: inherit;">ual Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past. </span></span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fea did so in his book, <i>How to Study History.</i> Smith has done so thr<span style="font-family: inherit;">ough an E<span style="font-family: inherit;">dX course on teaching history. All three used the five C's and naturally, none of the three are the ori<span style="font-family: inherit;">ginators of the concept. <span style="font-family: inherit;">That <span style="font-family: inherit;">goes back a long way.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj32NRxGqfrhW7k-w2gvNErpS2pVc0ddB_h5RGnMnI6sdh5hJ3Iv_eeWhoXjBltWw8cZBJlsT6MhpGMqNUF4EOXQ6lK8OEcjGvmqxPxHcNUHnLr98bY8hp9p1r3zLMGkrisK6cz3KXEkpKD/s1600/Zinn+I.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj32NRxGqfrhW7k-w2gvNErpS2pVc0ddB_h5RGnMnI6sdh5hJ3Iv_eeWhoXjBltWw8cZBJlsT6MhpGMqNUF4EOXQ6lK8OEcjGvmqxPxHcNUHnLr98bY8hp9p1r3zLMGkrisK6cz3KXEkpKD/s320/Zinn+I.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Thinking historically involves <span style="font-family: inherit;">considering a world and its history which is much larger than ourselves. We as individuals are in<span style="font-family: inherit;">significant in the grand scheme of things, but our nature o<span style="font-family: inherit;">ften prevents us f<span style="font-family: inherit;">rom understanding that fact. Often, <span style="font-family: inherit;">we fail to accept our smallness. We think<span style="font-family: inherit;"> that we as indi<span style="font-family: inherit;">viduals are capable of creating change directly as the results of our actions, yet history teaches us that change is the result of all of our <span style="font-family: inherit;">actions and that our own individual actions are really not<span style="font-family: inherit;">hing more than just part of all actions working<span style="font-family: inherit;"> throughout history. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Howard Zinn commented, "If people coul<span style="font-family: inherit;">d see that Change comes about as a result of millions of tiny acts that seem totally insignificant, <span style="font-family: inherit;">well then they wouldn't hesitate to take those tin<span style="font-family: inherit;">y acts." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The American Historical Association has a<span style="font-family: inherit;">n article by Thomas Andrews and Flannery Burke from the January 2007 issue of <i><span style="font-family: inherit;">Perspectives on History<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">that goes into more depth on the five C's of <span style="font-family: inherit;">historical thinking. They <span style="font-family: inherit;">label <span style="font-family: inherit;">Ca</span>usation as Causality which is used with context<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and change over time "to form <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">arguments</span> explaining past change.<span style="font-family: inherit;">" I agree with both the AP and AHA on this<span style="font-family: inherit;"> as they are saying the sa<span style="font-family: inherit;">me. <a href="https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/january-2007/what-does-it-mean-to-think-historically">American Historical Association "What Does it Mean to Think Historically?" </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC-FCB-rOm9Qr1duCi4f4A-tNDW_TBL-L0GdXpQArXRsMGhsmxKBuVjMfjGZe8vwvnStyGaXLVALjwLFutkSdT4ifnkxENIZoyFv7v07-mXUpuqx57V4juURc_HiwX79_PGE4iOADkIgF1/s1600/Think+Like+a+Historian.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC-FCB-rOm9Qr1duCi4f4A-tNDW_TBL-L0GdXpQArXRsMGhsmxKBuVjMfjGZe8vwvnStyGaXLVALjwLFutkSdT4ifnkxENIZoyFv7v07-mXUpuqx57V4juURc_HiwX79_PGE4iOADkIgF1/s320/Think+Like+a+Historian.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">It really comes down to making sure we as instructors take the time to teach <span style="font-family: inherit;">Causation and the other C's of historical thinking, but it also means we have t<span style="font-family: inherit;">o incorporate the development of those skills in our methodology. This is the part where many instructors fall short. They lecture on the five C's or use the AP guide to explain historical thinking skills, but fail to promote <span style="font-family: inherit;">student usage of the skills. What good is <span style="font-family: inherit;">explaining the skills if you don't put them into p<span style="font-family: inherit;">ractice? I will cover more of this in future installments of <i>The Art of Teaching History.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></div>
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Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-86476503652274546932016-06-10T10:25:00.001-05:002016-06-10T10:25:12.006-05:00The Mad Historian's Athenaeum<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
DuVal, Kathleen. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Native Ground: Indians and Colonists in
the Heart of the Continent. </i>Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,
2006. ix + 320 ppg. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgFRfhcqVzoTPpw5xJNrgvrW13HYxyVvedPuey6FSN_Ic75qjaO-inED0qkoDzuGwiqozubuJ0AfvVZlfYbsZSa08HacqgULTsDPnBOKkbXls4Mt3ZeOjf7XKcsoDrKi0kq_G7x_X2ZS4q/s1600/The+Native+Ground.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgFRfhcqVzoTPpw5xJNrgvrW13HYxyVvedPuey6FSN_Ic75qjaO-inED0qkoDzuGwiqozubuJ0AfvVZlfYbsZSa08HacqgULTsDPnBOKkbXls4Mt3ZeOjf7XKcsoDrKi0kq_G7x_X2ZS4q/s320/The+Native+Ground.jpg" width="212" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I first
encountered the work of Kathleen DuVal in my undergraduate course on American
Indian History via this book. I am not surprised in the least to learn that she
received the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for History. Her research is amazing and her
writing is superb. I was enthralled immediately upon opening <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Native Ground</i> and read the book
through in a night. To this day, I use her words to illustrate to my students
the inadvertent destruction wrought by the expedition of Hernando De Soto and
the immense differences that existed between the survivor’s accounts of his
expedition and the arrival of the next Europeans a century later. I had not
fully realized just how much damage De Soto’s trek through the Southeast United
States caused.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kathleen
DuVal is a professor of history at the University of North Carolina. She earned
her BA at Stanford in 1992 and her Ph.D at the University of California, Davis
in 2001. Her research focuses on the North American borderlands and the
relationships of the people on them. She has written three books and numerous
articles, with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Native Ground </i>being
her first book. For a first attempt I thought it was outstanding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I live in Missouri and one look at an atlas
shows no Indian reservations in the state. Back in the 80s when gambling on
reservations began to become popular Missourians eager to gamble realized that
as well. So a question was asked as to why there were none.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgATc-WKoneBhSD4_FdTN1RtLMnI3a1vnrXwdc1ZMGUzU-mTzYOnPFndgxsYugNMFxH12LIEK3LIsM33kc81GyNF0eSYAISqWWlbCsb15BXPxKiqZ_fiHWXBAFlLWGzDqSbzIDanJGyPuNg/s1600/CompleteDeSotoMap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgATc-WKoneBhSD4_FdTN1RtLMnI3a1vnrXwdc1ZMGUzU-mTzYOnPFndgxsYugNMFxH12LIEK3LIsM33kc81GyNF0eSYAISqWWlbCsb15BXPxKiqZ_fiHWXBAFlLWGzDqSbzIDanJGyPuNg/s320/CompleteDeSotoMap.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The answer
is in DuVal’s book. The sheer racism of American settlers drove all Native
Americans from the state. Even the mighty Osage found themselves removed from
the domain they had built up as white settlers replaced them. DuVal’s book is a
really a history of the Osage and Quapaw tribes in the Arkansas and Missouri
areas until they were removed. She ends with an look at the early Cherokee who
moved to Arkansas in order to escape the looming Indian Removal of the 1830s
only to find themselves being forced out of Arkansas by the ever greedy white
settlers who wanted no competition for the land and resources of the land. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl9Xy4KqqaMuvTBNNT66gTtoQEiBZFbKzYuZTSXNJaw_aiXJnylwizRhhwbyyPo6pMEqzPl7W4uZQ2JtdmzQOMCX9pux8yeoJ2L3VGITq4W6IZOlwKbg2rmbRnOSKQRL6pSIHv-De1JdZe/s1600/Indians%252C+De+Soto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl9Xy4KqqaMuvTBNNT66gTtoQEiBZFbKzYuZTSXNJaw_aiXJnylwizRhhwbyyPo6pMEqzPl7W4uZQ2JtdmzQOMCX9pux8yeoJ2L3VGITq4W6IZOlwKbg2rmbRnOSKQRL6pSIHv-De1JdZe/s320/Indians%252C+De+Soto.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In order to
tell the proper story of these two tribes, DuVal first explains what happened
to their forebears in the region and how De Soto’s expedition caused immense
shock waves for North American tribes. What she describes is the rise and fall
of these tribes as they sought to adjust to the changes and exploit them only
to find themselves exploited in the end. The writing she employs throughout the
book is outstanding and not academic speak in the least. She also has multiple
illustrations and maps in the book.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9phjMkhkozWQ1vKfWbyza2XwYRZ4vDx9GXle9kKy3pvJbsRy_HwVGCkTUpksQcBMRlZeiitDD0JbK-nIvPET_yUsb6Xfc-u-cj8j1jqxLA3JXGwDGo6Fo2G5JLnf7Dr0muWXoYW0LSkSG/s1600/early+indian+village.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9phjMkhkozWQ1vKfWbyza2XwYRZ4vDx9GXle9kKy3pvJbsRy_HwVGCkTUpksQcBMRlZeiitDD0JbK-nIvPET_yUsb6Xfc-u-cj8j1jqxLA3JXGwDGo6Fo2G5JLnf7Dr0muWXoYW0LSkSG/s1600/early+indian+village.jpg" /></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All in all
this is one of the better books on Native American history that I have read. I
love the detail she uses in presenting her findings. The lack of footnotes is
annoying, but a growing trait as publishers seek to control costs. The endnotes
are very good and quite accessible. I highly recommend the book for students as
it definitely portrays the events that would shape history in this region. </div>
Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-62275442329951357832016-06-03T09:21:00.001-05:002016-06-03T09:21:10.960-05:00The Mad Historian's Athenaeum, Vol. II, No. 1<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCNbllzzl371r4G53j5dcEsP1Rr9tlH5GcQuEgmAQfrsKLf3AQH-rpTioE8DZ11V-lKcUMLouznaWXYW7groi5b0d8UFM-BEThvU68-a8R6odGx1GfQf1eObUrpr-tyQLTwgHWU4ikfIaX/s1600/Historian%2527s+Athenaeum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCNbllzzl371r4G53j5dcEsP1Rr9tlH5GcQuEgmAQfrsKLf3AQH-rpTioE8DZ11V-lKcUMLouznaWXYW7groi5b0d8UFM-BEThvU68-a8R6odGx1GfQf1eObUrpr-tyQLTwgHWU4ikfIaX/s320/Historian%2527s+Athenaeum.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Wineburg, Sam. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Act:
Charting the Future of Teaching the Past. </i>Philadelphia: Temple University
Press, 2001. Xiv + 255 ppg.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRG60wYN4xpBY-QBlYKx-_WPzjS4FfFLXHgyFHWYUNQ5T5_FeUw36gMg3DNlocxsuBqVxe6QB1XAp2LIwaosLsMo3ZPGigwi1EZZgJ7VkGLjXSmBpGPp2Vmgh_JLCuirW3QXxSCxOkwYnf/s1600/Thinking+Like+a+Historian.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRG60wYN4xpBY-QBlYKx-_WPzjS4FfFLXHgyFHWYUNQ5T5_FeUw36gMg3DNlocxsuBqVxe6QB1XAp2LIwaosLsMo3ZPGigwi1EZZgJ7VkGLjXSmBpGPp2Vmgh_JLCuirW3QXxSCxOkwYnf/s320/Thinking+Like+a+Historian.jpg" width="212" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For a book
that is 15 years old, this has aged quite well. Sam Wineburg has expanded upon
his original ideas and now has a major education project going at Stanford
University. Right now he is working on the ways that studying history can
assist in reading comprehension with his Reading Like a Historian program as
part of the Stanford History Education Group. I like this book because Wineburg
was one of the first to challenge the older methods of history education. Since
the publication of this book many teachers have begun to change their
pedagogical philosophy. Unfortunately that is not the case for most college
professors because they are still relying upon lecture to inform students. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The book is
practically a must read for anyone who wants to teach history at any level. He
explains why the study of history is important. It really is. Just watch the
current presidential election and the mangling of history going on by all
candidates, some more so than others. It is evident that history education has
not seen many gains in a century and that has a lot to do with the way it is
taught. Wineburg addresses the challenges students and teachers face in
learning about history and how to confront the challenges and overcome them.
The final chapter cover history as national memory which is an entire field in
its own right.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAR-ycN8mnCYL-EfVC4q8mCfvDq13qwQgwZr6yGIZ9Ui2fL76ryr_H7SUFCXxbUcyyxIeaj5fq1DE0Iu_eeHOrSlR8uKb8lCr0A9FffoZiSWuaIuuT_1R5OLOrxvAcVmYsuLRo5BF3Bckn/s1600/Reading+like+a+Historian.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAR-ycN8mnCYL-EfVC4q8mCfvDq13qwQgwZr6yGIZ9Ui2fL76ryr_H7SUFCXxbUcyyxIeaj5fq1DE0Iu_eeHOrSlR8uKb8lCr0A9FffoZiSWuaIuuT_1R5OLOrxvAcVmYsuLRo5BF3Bckn/s320/Reading+like+a+Historian.JPG" width="247" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I really
enjoyed reading the book and use pieces as quotes for my own teaching. Students
in my classes find out on the first day that this is not about the memorization
of facts, but rather learning why things happened and what their effect on us
today is. Thanks to Wineburg, I get their attention and then plant the seeds of
inquiry which leads to some interesting discussions later in the semester. This
book is all part of the development of training history teachers to think
outside the box and get past the lecture so that students are actually
learning. Wineburg also addresses the pathetic methods of assessment which have
been handicapping teachers for decades. It is time to get rid of the multiple
choice questions and move to the essay based exams. That is the only real way
to see if students are learning. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thinking
about history is unnatural according to Wineburg. He is correct. Most people do
not even consider the past at all. Yet, their lives are heavily intertwined
with history on a daily basis. It is interesting how many people do not know
much of anything about history, yet make decisions that rely upon their bad
knowledge all the time. Thanks to people like Wineburg and his authoring of this
book, we can begin to bring that to their attention and work on making them
appreciate history.</div>
Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-68962147303956649642016-05-31T12:26:00.000-05:002016-05-31T12:26:06.387-05:00Screening America, Vol. 1, No. 1<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcG-DFSEjX67u-sElUMViA93lGq5U5uPgU5MNY4a4Q1VmcEInyN2Df6j8ziT_K_ZTJMc6UaEMBRJ3ZLZydj5lS1OwSf8kUEESLUntSou9ferDWq4Y6PICan-RB7wHp8HS6L3PJu5VyFu3m/s1600/Screening+American+History+through+Film+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcG-DFSEjX67u-sElUMViA93lGq5U5uPgU5MNY4a4Q1VmcEInyN2Df6j8ziT_K_ZTJMc6UaEMBRJ3ZLZydj5lS1OwSf8kUEESLUntSou9ferDWq4Y6PICan-RB7wHp8HS6L3PJu5VyFu3m/s1600/Screening+American+History+through+Film+%25282%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
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The Return of Roots</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxwyyUOVPSjGr8jBn6rDNTI5ttHXzBHdvVjo-Q7ORluh3rD3WqeDeTFiPYgTrcXCF9TeRH19KXi_ZI7OeszBwMvpARPHyXzan-L79lq_1CG0cNKMmChd8bW2qkLUyvEkbHh_qRhBQOZlGD/s1600/Roots+1977.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxwyyUOVPSjGr8jBn6rDNTI5ttHXzBHdvVjo-Q7ORluh3rD3WqeDeTFiPYgTrcXCF9TeRH19KXi_ZI7OeszBwMvpARPHyXzan-L79lq_1CG0cNKMmChd8bW2qkLUyvEkbHh_qRhBQOZlGD/s1600/Roots+1977.jpg" /></a> In 1977 one of the most powerful miniseries ever made was televised in the United States. Up until the airing of the show most Americans were under the impression that slavery in the antebellum era was benign and not very bad. Roots exposed the horrors of captivity, the Middle Passage across the Atlantic, and the harsh treatment of slaves by white Europeans and Americans. For eight consecutive nights Americans watched the saga of an American family unfold. It was an eyeopening experience for many and it led to a questioning of slavery in American history.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj71EJyW18U4wUYCT4Z0YTPqn6z4L01xVxFBdVjd3343YDP0PYkTX3DYeyJLlToxy4E44jbhyrJL5Zqn71dHApMIj2QMqZnsTkUAbuY0yA8UsXHZFU5yp38MmZ3BkjA6fX5NB-zjl4WyeTs/s1600/History+VII.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj71EJyW18U4wUYCT4Z0YTPqn6z4L01xVxFBdVjd3343YDP0PYkTX3DYeyJLlToxy4E44jbhyrJL5Zqn71dHApMIj2QMqZnsTkUAbuY0yA8UsXHZFU5yp38MmZ3BkjA6fX5NB-zjl4WyeTs/s320/History+VII.jpg" width="320" /></a> Last night, nearly forty years after the original presentation of Roots on television, a remake of the show began to air on a few channels. Once again, the powerful story of slavery is on our screens. This time, most Americans are aware that slavery was a negative force in American history. Some few disagree, but they tend to reject facts and support racism. For historians, this is a time to explain how slavery played a pivotal role in the development of this nation as well as to explain how the slavery that existed in the American colonies led directly to the racial problems of today. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_Jz3ww6tQkIg57h6yGMTI9WmbeRdvdPkefBctttWId_MTaD5C-P2PK9S2wKXWmYPCSO7hEOdJw9WmQ10qhftqgFFECl8n58LNvL3nop5ymfZBC0qHY1N4r96iufex2HpTr8qMPzTebFon/s1600/CBF+Civil+Rights+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_Jz3ww6tQkIg57h6yGMTI9WmbeRdvdPkefBctttWId_MTaD5C-P2PK9S2wKXWmYPCSO7hEOdJw9WmQ10qhftqgFFECl8n58LNvL3nop5ymfZBC0qHY1N4r96iufex2HpTr8qMPzTebFon/s1600/CBF+Civil+Rights+1.jpg" /></a> There are those that will deny this is true, but they do not study history. They prefer a fictional past that never existed. Those people also perpetuate the problems that exist and have existed for centuries. Their denial of reality condemns them to continue to repeat the mistakes of the past. It also affects the rest of us who are trying to move forward.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgerXVIgl0DoyqaCm0hKWEse6tQe_Nk0Iu3LoOhxg9watrgitHNMHozYrkUpaPr90Pf4Ax2IPXYgjVPoJ5Wjnj2Q876UU7-CdFf2eMWYFSZZloMg-stlgDnIiQnaZN3UPLMPCGSQRbakCUw/s1600/Roots+2016.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgerXVIgl0DoyqaCm0hKWEse6tQe_Nk0Iu3LoOhxg9watrgitHNMHozYrkUpaPr90Pf4Ax2IPXYgjVPoJ5Wjnj2Q876UU7-CdFf2eMWYFSZZloMg-stlgDnIiQnaZN3UPLMPCGSQRbakCUw/s1600/Roots+2016.jpg" /></a> Film is a medium in which history has often been exploited and mangled in order to develop a story to present to the public. The story which unfolds in this show is a mixture of fiction and fact. The author, Alex Haley, did some good research, but also added details which some have used to attack the accuracy of both the novel and miniseries. The 2016 remake hopefully is addressing some of this. Rather than go into great depth on this, I want to allow students who watch this show to do some research of their own. That's what I do with the film class. Students take apart the films and examine the history depicted in them. The results help them learn more about history in the process. </div>
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Here is the website for the 2016 remake of Roots: <a href="http://roots.history.com/">Roots Website</a></div>
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Keep in mind that the History Channel is not perfect when it comes to the delivering of history as it is driven by the need to turn a profit and therefore get viewers. On the other hand, the History Channel is fairly good with its website in pointing people to sources. It is just like watching a movie. Never take anything at face value and always check sources. Passive viewing of films and television shows can never take the place of active learning.</div>
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Also, the Organization of American Historians has a blog and today's post was about Roots. <a href="http://www.processhistory.org/">Process Blog - Roots</a></div>
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PBS has a great documentary on slavery. <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/">PBS - Slavery and the Making of America</a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiNnGMLvrQ_RaS7btG10flSwUh6NEKnEDzSgs1-wSApsHL3dZl_wH0U_-pUsZVP7LGrM_h4VcHhtQ7DESJIREj92fwZWrkKCiWcc5ZaMPcVEUD_3YN_MeAZ15XMsulzo4gpCDyJWRJGliE/s1600/Slavery+and+the+Making+of+America.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="80" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiNnGMLvrQ_RaS7btG10flSwUh6NEKnEDzSgs1-wSApsHL3dZl_wH0U_-pUsZVP7LGrM_h4VcHhtQ7DESJIREj92fwZWrkKCiWcc5ZaMPcVEUD_3YN_MeAZ15XMsulzo4gpCDyJWRJGliE/s320/Slavery+and+the+Making+of+America.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Take the time to watch the show and to do some investigation. I think you will begin to find just how important slavery was in our past and what impact it is having on our present. Knowledge or ignorance of slavery will shape our future. </div>
<br />Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-1768724075158630432016-05-30T11:03:00.002-05:002016-05-30T11:03:59.540-05:00According to Jim, Vol. II, No. 1<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjlOEbZWTI8-BAKslqp0ML6UocwtGeVmca4I57hZG2q56CgnMibWU_vHXGeE2ziql_4QNw8qj5O0tZX0FEw6wAOgZr3pTvOQXGmbX9yed-0Xd8ekxBqyDIy5dnWKhofne2bQo7YNXLVyge/s1600/according-to-jim-5101717adfea9.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjlOEbZWTI8-BAKslqp0ML6UocwtGeVmca4I57hZG2q56CgnMibWU_vHXGeE2ziql_4QNw8qj5O0tZX0FEw6wAOgZr3pTvOQXGmbX9yed-0Xd8ekxBqyDIy5dnWKhofne2bQo7YNXLVyge/s320/according-to-jim-5101717adfea9.png" width="320" /></a></div>
The Origins of Memorial Day<br /><br />
Memorial Day is a national holiday celebrated on the last Monday in the month of May. This holiday exists to honor those who have fallen serving the United States in the military service. What is the history behind this holiday? When did it begin? Why? (My students will see three of the five W's of history right there)!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdrt1FjUU9YY9dOT1pugMqjVKVYEcOjKtDQ4fSu3259LXUsnfonKr-JwLoit6XLUZMhSFEVgiZK8M3psc4fGAqe2msBx2I_l8ejy6OzMuJ-uT9OzRrmBkM7BVhdT_6_iQJ591iETTkUlR2/s1600/Memorial+Day+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdrt1FjUU9YY9dOT1pugMqjVKVYEcOjKtDQ4fSu3259LXUsnfonKr-JwLoit6XLUZMhSFEVgiZK8M3psc4fGAqe2msBx2I_l8ejy6OzMuJ-uT9OzRrmBkM7BVhdT_6_iQJ591iETTkUlR2/s1600/Memorial+Day+1.jpg" /></a> In the middle of the 19th century, the United States engaged in a civil war over the issue of slavery. Until very recently, more men were killed in that war than all of the rest of our wars combined. The death toll was incredibly high considering the population at that time. Many more men were wounded and maimed. The nation survived the conflict, but was forever changed by it. People wanted to remember the men who fell in that conflict. They did so in different ways at different times, and the result of these remembrances became Memorial Day.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaopTIEJTbD672-27J_rEMT4jthAF1APJwmzu_dd1sDCSV_r5Mgu9VX8YeaTvw67tSfGnaT1JWaIdqC7BbxupinJFlN2lcCGHu9YYJLwPtxOk3rAavr5S0GN46B5Kevg5FvbSLGvOvs0u8/s1600/Memorial+Day+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaopTIEJTbD672-27J_rEMT4jthAF1APJwmzu_dd1sDCSV_r5Mgu9VX8YeaTvw67tSfGnaT1JWaIdqC7BbxupinJFlN2lcCGHu9YYJLwPtxOk3rAavr5S0GN46B5Kevg5FvbSLGvOvs0u8/s320/Memorial+Day+3.jpg" width="320" /></a>No one knows when the first memorial day celebration took place. Many local legends exist and the documentation is scanty and often purposely altered to put the local story in a prominent place. However, it definitely was tied to the Civil War and quickly spread throughout both the North and South following the conflict. Some such as David Blight think it stemmed from an event that took place in Charleston, South Carolina in 1865. Others see widows of Confederate dead honoring their deceased men in 1866. By 1868 the Grand Army of the Republic began to officially celebrate honoring Union war dead in May.<br />
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Rather than repeat what so many of my historian friends are saying, I think I will link to their blogs and let my readers and students visit them and learn more. Most of the posts for Memorial Day are reposts of earlier ones they made years ago.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsdEKd4u_LO2S4mixC19zBkwhJihdq-NU9sGB8PGB21hm4Qd1YcEMCWaiJvDihObcYMUfgc4SortoeCili0wJCRvI6_C4d8ORgPp4AXutfn_E88U8CsKJjUm2WNL3J-r9tT8Zctj4xXSyT/s1600/Memorial+Day+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsdEKd4u_LO2S4mixC19zBkwhJihdq-NU9sGB8PGB21hm4Qd1YcEMCWaiJvDihObcYMUfgc4SortoeCili0wJCRvI6_C4d8ORgPp4AXutfn_E88U8CsKJjUm2WNL3J-r9tT8Zctj4xXSyT/s320/Memorial+Day+2.jpg" width="320" /></a>Andy Hall - Dead Confederates <a href="https://deadconfederates.com/2016/05/30/frederick-douglass-on-decoration-day-1871-6/">https://deadconfederates.com/2016/05/30/frederick-douglass-on-decoration-day-1871-6/</a><br />
<a href="https://deadconfederates.com/2016/05/29/decoration-day-at-arlington-1871-3/">Decoration Day at Arlington, 1871</a><br />
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Brooks Simpson - Crossroads <a href="https://cwcrossroads.wordpress.com/2016/05/30/memorial-day-2016/">Memorial Day, 2016: Americans in Europe</a><br />
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Al Mackey - Student of the Civil War <a href="https://studycivilwar.wordpress.com/2014/05/26/oliver-wendell-holmes-jr-and-memorial-day/">Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. and Memorial Day</a><br />
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Kevin Levin - Civil War Memory <a href="http://cwmemory.com/2016/05/30/remembering-southern-unionism-on-memorial-day/">Remembering Southern Unionism on Memorial Day</a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAsbdNBK2T4FOlSqT7cFttsIxQeWYboDbUatwh_RNZj8cvLRHWll10506cyhJHdesaHCARDFn-kDYDRyM6MGnz0-_7UIiw1hn2otLQ7aCDwiADqVSbNRVu5x6dYUd560rEyQH8Ikpae9Rp/s1600/Memorial+Day+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAsbdNBK2T4FOlSqT7cFttsIxQeWYboDbUatwh_RNZj8cvLRHWll10506cyhJHdesaHCARDFn-kDYDRyM6MGnz0-_7UIiw1hn2otLQ7aCDwiADqVSbNRVu5x6dYUd560rEyQH8Ikpae9Rp/s200/Memorial+Day+4.jpg" width="141" /></a><br />
David Blight - David W. Blight <a href="http://www.davidwblight.com/public-history/2015/4/27/the-first-decoration-day-newark-star-ledger">The First Decoration Day</a> <br />
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USMemorialday.org <a href="http://www.usmemorialday.org/">US Memorial Day</a>Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-87990668629924905302016-05-23T18:06:00.002-05:002016-05-23T18:06:11.949-05:00The Art of Teaching History, Vol. II, No. 1 - Why Secondary Sources Matter<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcX0bosGLXU5Cxb9kl6D3Wbl5bLXmOhRscsDfVavSq6uQPX32CG1O5r3Ryat63nwi1FUd8ORvTNxFc-lOWFAeVqDWqDMKKyKfqpsGtDMglTWp5FjJ3GJxXNxvC9au-2cfE4daEzVz5YOry/s1600/The+Art+of+Teaching+History.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="43" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcX0bosGLXU5Cxb9kl6D3Wbl5bLXmOhRscsDfVavSq6uQPX32CG1O5r3Ryat63nwi1FUd8ORvTNxFc-lOWFAeVqDWqDMKKyKfqpsGtDMglTWp5FjJ3GJxXNxvC9au-2cfE4daEzVz5YOry/s320/The+Art+of+Teaching+History.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Why Secondary Sources Matter<br />
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Recently there was a discussion in a FaceBook historical society page where someone said that primary
sources were all that mattered and that secondary sources had no value
in historical research. As a historian and educator, I am appalled that
someone would say that. Both primary and secondary sources must be used
in conjunction with each other in order to develop a sound historical
interpretation.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy4-_u2VvvcfeEU0csgGteio5nyVgNhVgYu5G_BiGKiGi9Tnml7wASj7im-WN0cOb8hNMUwXv6FDanIt5BfUeDbYzvYTf5BrsN66giGUK5rEriRPG9_SrG9VTfoHFFkKEw6z2SGQYYiuBb/s1600/Stupid+Burns.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy4-_u2VvvcfeEU0csgGteio5nyVgNhVgYu5G_BiGKiGi9Tnml7wASj7im-WN0cOb8hNMUwXv6FDanIt5BfUeDbYzvYTf5BrsN66giGUK5rEriRPG9_SrG9VTfoHFFkKEw6z2SGQYYiuBb/s320/Stupid+Burns.jpg" width="281" /></a></div>
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Those of you who already have your MA in History
know that you will be writing a literature review and it involves
secondary sources (Expect to spend a long time on this at the doctorate
level). There is no way to develop and sustain a historical
interpretation without studying secondary sources. Woe to anyone who
tries that because they will be torn apart in the peer review process
should they make it that far.<br />
<br />
<br />
Speaking of peer review, it is
worth noting that there are people who avoid peer review and oddly
enough, secondary sources as well. One only has to mention David Barton
or Thomas DiLorenzo to see two people (neither of whom hold a degree in
history) who fail to be taken seriously by historians. As a result,
these two avoid peer review at all costs. It is also interesting to note
that in most cases the people who challenge historians have no
historical training whatsoever. Yet, they seem to think they are
experts.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://s-usih.org/%E2%80%A6/original-historical-sources-rather-than%E2%80%A6">http://s-usih.org/…/original-historical-sources-rather-than…</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBR1548eNMK7q5ZArU7z82x39TdOfaGJJ2caqwO6rGrJy6QIF3moknn0oU276Lg821G8lM2K2VYNWJ_Jf3FeeI_R6uhb411QuR8DX8NxPoKFeFRPUO08AWFSMxnHuXC0ZMsdPsyxce8dY5/s1600/Primary+Sources.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBR1548eNMK7q5ZArU7z82x39TdOfaGJJ2caqwO6rGrJy6QIF3moknn0oU276Lg821G8lM2K2VYNWJ_Jf3FeeI_R6uhb411QuR8DX8NxPoKFeFRPUO08AWFSMxnHuXC0ZMsdPsyxce8dY5/s1600/Primary+Sources.jpg" /></a>
Here in Lauren Anderson's article on the US Intellectual History Blog
we see several myths discussed. As a historian and educator I have
experience in encountering those myths. I teach history at a community
college and use primary sources. Most of the students have no idea what
these sources are. If they are handed nothing but primary sources, they
will not learn much if anything about the subject. They have no training
in using the sources, nor do they understand the setting the sources
were written (or developed. Not all primary sources are written
documents) or the context involved in their creation.<br />
<br />
An
experience I had in this involved Thomas Jefferson's "Fire Bell in the
Night" letter to John Holmes. I put the letter on the screen and had the
students read it. I then asked them what it meant. This was the
American History to 1865 survey course, so we were past the halfway
point of the semester. They had handled multiple primary sources and had
been taught how to use them. None of them understood that it was about
slavery. Yet, we know that Jefferson was discussing slavery in this
letter.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg62KDaBoUELOXnVR4OvsQN6BdEKiovl7SnxDpa82qZwONmEIKpH9p5HSluDODHmJQP3qKkPt_mL-WjBsqNyZZu-rvfHt5YxFJCCHhjgZ2QWwiYTXMUzFDdhpXR_zfNhXdNqCAz8XoegKpF/s1600/secondary_source.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg62KDaBoUELOXnVR4OvsQN6BdEKiovl7SnxDpa82qZwONmEIKpH9p5HSluDODHmJQP3qKkPt_mL-WjBsqNyZZu-rvfHt5YxFJCCHhjgZ2QWwiYTXMUzFDdhpXR_zfNhXdNqCAz8XoegKpF/s320/secondary_source.png" width="320" /></a> They vaguely understood that the document involved
Missouri. They lacked contextual understanding until I explained the
history involved and what was taking place in 1820. One student asked me
how I got slavery from the document. I went through it line by line and
explained the history involved. At the end of the lesson, they
understood what the document was about. I then pointed them to other
sourc<br />
es, both primary and secondary, to develop a better understanding
of what was taking place then.<br />
<br />
It was important to do that. They
needed to understand that it was not my opinion alone that determined
what the document was about, but rather the collective body of
historians over time's opinions. Also, it was important that they
understand how our interpretations of history change over time. That's
where historiography comes into play.<br />
<br />
The lesson involving this
source was one that can be done with a lot of primary sources. However,
do not expect students to learn history from primary sources alone. They
will not. It takes a good foundation of historical learning or
analytical skill development in conjunction with historical learning to
be able to use primary sources in great numbers. Even then that
foundation requires using secondary sources. Why would anyone think
students would not need secondary sources? They do need them. They need a
good textbook for reference as well although that can take many forms.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKOsq1mi4b1D7pmOfuZix3lYQKe2cxoWkdVUwJGKf0L_nx8qvsmriEG-tKLEJOCKBi5xen2XO_g-GYwSdJQEqR9FkwsdJTnUS5L6DsUpeuuvu_XrKY07ZQRkQxl2MwUzL0uojI3F7xnyYl/s1600/Think+Like+a+Historian.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKOsq1mi4b1D7pmOfuZix3lYQKe2cxoWkdVUwJGKf0L_nx8qvsmriEG-tKLEJOCKBi5xen2XO_g-GYwSdJQEqR9FkwsdJTnUS5L6DsUpeuuvu_XrKY07ZQRkQxl2MwUzL0uojI3F7xnyYl/s320/Think+Like+a+Historian.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
Good instructors understand the need for developing course content from
multiple types of sources as well as understanding their role in
helping students learn history. To rely on primary sources alone is to
fail to teach students. To rely on a textbook alone will result in a
failure to engage students in developing critical thinking skills along
historical content. Primary and secondary sources are both of critical
value in the successful instruction of students.Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-68859539825924307672016-04-09T12:58:00.002-05:002016-04-09T12:58:41.141-05:00History in the Present - 151 Years Ago Today<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<h1 class="post entry-title" itemprop="headline">
Appomattox Courthouse</h1>
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<h3>
The following is from history.net at http://www.historynet.com/appomattox-court-house-battle </h3>
<h3>
Information about The Battle & Surrender At Appomattox Courthouse, one of the last <a href="http://www.historynet.com/civil-war-battles/">Civil War Battles</a> of the <a href="http://www.historynet.com/civil-war">American Civil War</a></h3>
<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;">Appomattox Courthouse Battle Facts<br />
</span> <strong>Location: </strong>Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia<br />
<strong>Dates: </strong>April 9, 1865<br />
<strong>Generals: </strong>Union: Ulysses S. Grant | Confederate: Robert E. Lee<br />
<strong>Soldiers Engaged: </strong>Union Army: 120,000 | Confederate Army: 30,000<br />
<strong>Outcome: </strong>Union Victory<br />
<strong>Casualties: </strong>Union: 260 | Confederate: 440; over 27,000 surrendered<br />
</div>
<strong>Appomattox Court House Battle Summary: </strong>The Battle of Appomattox Courthouse was the Army of Northern Virginia’s final battle and was the beginning of the end of <a href="http://www.historynet.com/civil-war/">the American Civil War</a>. Though the actual battle took place on April 9, 1865, it followed the <a href="http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-petersburg">10-month Battle of Petersburg</a> and concluded General Robert E. Lee’s thwarted retreat during the <a href="http://www.historynet.com/appomattox-campaign">Appomattox Campaign</a>.<br />
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After a long night and day of marching, Lee and the exhausted Army of
Northern Virginia made camp just east of Appomattox Courthouse on April
8. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant had sent him a letter on the
night of April 7, following confrontations between their troops at
Cumberland Church and Farmville, suggesting Lee surrender. The Southern
general refused. Grant replied, again suggesting surrender to end the
bloodshed. Lee responded, saying in part, "I do not think the emergency
has arisen to call for the surrender of this army," though he offered to
meet Grant at 10 the next morning between picket lines to discuss a
peaceful outcome.<br />
<br />
In planning for the next day, Lee informed his men that he would
ignore the surrender request and attempt to fend off Sheridan’s cavalry
while at least part of the Army of Northern Virginia moved on toward
Lynchburg—assuming the main Union force was just cavalry. However, he
asked to be informed if his men encountered any infantry, since that
would mean he was outnumbered and would be forced to surrender.<br />
<br />
Grant had spent the last week pursuing and closing in on Lee during
the Appomattox Campaign. On the north side of the Appomattox River,
Major General George G. Meade’s VI and II Corps were in close pursuit of
Lee’s beleaguered army, while Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan’s cavalry
had taken a southern route to outrun Lee and surround him on the west
and south.<br />
<br />
Early in the morning on April 9, Confederate maj. gen. John B.
Gordon’s corps attacked the Union cavalry blocking the road toward the
railroad. Initially, Gordon had success in clearing cavalry from the
road, but Union infantry moved in and he was unable to make further
progress. Gordon sent word to Lee around 8:30 a.m. that he needed Lt.
Gen. James Longstreet’s support to make additional headway.<br />
<br />
Upon receiving this request—and having watched the battle through
field glasses—Lee then said, "Then there is nothing left for me to do
but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths."
Having dressed that morning in his finest dress uniform, Lee rode to
the spot where he thought he and Grant would be meeting between the
picket lines. There, he received Grant’s message, written the night
before, in which Grant refused to meet to meet for peace talks.<br />
<br />
Lee quickly wrote a reply, indicating that he was now ready to
surrender, and rode on. Still hearing the sounds of fighting, Lee sent a
letter to Meade requesting an immediate truce along the lines. Meade
replied that he was not in communication with Grant but would send the
message on and also suggested Lee send another letter to Grant via
Sheridan. In addition, Lee also had Gordon place flags of truce along
the line. As the messages moved through the lines and word of the
surrender spread, the fighting stopped. Casualties for the Battle of
Appomattox Courthouse were light, 260 for the Union, 440 for the
Confederacy.<br />
<br />
Grant received Lee’s letter of surrender just before noon. He
replied, detailing his current position along the road toward Appomattox
Courthouse, and asked Lee to select a meeting place.<br />
Lee and his men, in searching for a suitable place to have the
surrender meeting, encountered Wilmer McLean, who showed them an empty
building without any furniture. When that was deemed unsuitable, he
offered his own home for the meeting. It is interesting to note that
McLean had moved to Appomattox after having survived the <a href="http://www.historynet.com/first-battle-of-bull-run">First Battle of Bull Run</a>,
much of which took place on his property in Manassas, Virginia. It is
often said that the war started in his front yard and ended in his
parlor, though that is not accurate.<br />
<br />
Grant arrived in Appomattox at about 1:30 in the afternoon and
proceeded to the McLean house. His appearance in his field uniform,
muddy after his long ride, contrasted sharply with Lee’s clean dress
uniform. They chatted for a while before discussing and writing up the
terms of the surrender.<br />
The soldiers of the Army of Northern Virginia would lay down their
weapons and not take them up against the U.S. government again. Soldiers
would be paroled and allowed to return home instead of being
imprisoned. All Confederate equipment would be relinquished and
inventoried. They agreed that any Confederate who claimed to own a horse
or mule and would need it for spring planting would be allowed to keep
it. Lee also requested rations for his men, as it had been several days
since they had eaten, and Grant then agreed to provide them. After
formal copies of the surrender document were made and the document
signed, they parted. After such a long, bloody war and a particularly
grim retreat, the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia has been
referred to as "The Gentlemen’s Agreement," a testament to the character
of these two great men.<br />
<br />
Upon hearing the sounds of Union soldiers celebrating the surrender
by firing salutes, Grant instructed that his troops cease active
celebration, saying, "The war is over; the Rebels are our countrymen
again, and the best sign of rejoicing after the victory will be to
abstain from all demonstrations in the field." This set the tone of the
next few days, including the formal surrender ceremony that occurred
April 12. Brigadier General (brevetted major general) Joshua L.
Chamberlain, who had won renown at <a href="http://www.historynet.com/little-round-top">Little Round Top</a> during the <a href="http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>,
was charged with officiating at the surrender ceremony at Appomattox
Courthouse. He ordered his subordinate officers to come to the position
of "carry arms," and on the approach of each body of troops from the
Army of Northern Virginia, a bugle sounded and his men saluted. The
Confederates saluted back in response and laid down their arms and
colors. The formal ceremony, which saw the surrender of over 27,800 men,
took nearly the entire day.<br />
<br />
Although Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia, the war was
not over. There were still Confederate armies in the field and the final
battle of the war would not happen until in May 12–13 in south Texas,
at the battle of Palmito (Palmetto) Ranch near Brownsville. However,
Confederate commanders did begin to surrender as news of the Army of
Northern Virginia’s surrender spread.<br />
On April 26, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston surrendered to Gen. William T.
Sherman near Durham, North Carolina. Initially, in a meeting on April
17, Sherman offered terms even more generous than those given by Grant,
but on April 14 President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, dying the
next day, and the North was not feeling magnanimous. Sherman had to
return to Johnston on the 26th with new terms. Johnston, ignoring a
direct order from Confederate president Jefferson Davis, surrendered all
troops in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida.<br />
<br />
On May 4, Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor surrendered at Citronelle, Alabama.
May 10, Confederate President Jefferson Davis was captured with his
wife at Irwinville, GA.<br />
<br />
In New Orleans on May 26, Lt. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner, acting on
the authority of Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the
Trans-Mississippi Department, accepted from Maj. Gen. Edward R. Canby
the same surrender terms as Lee, Johnston, and Taylor. Ironically,
Buckner had been forced to surrender the first Confederate army captured
by the Union when his commanders abandoned him following the <a href="http://www.historynet.com/fort-donelson">Battle of Fort Donelson</a>
in February 1862. After Buckner and Canby reached their agreement, a
document was prepared and sent to Galveston, Texas, where Smith attached
his signature on June 2, officially surrendering the last significant
Confederate force.<br />
<br />
Not until June 23 did Brig. Gen. Stand Watie surrender his small
force of Confederate Cherokees in Oklahoma. The final act would come
November 6, when the ocean raider CSS <i>Shenandoah</i> struck her Confederate colors in Liverpool, England.Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-50186604849931423052015-12-31T15:46:00.000-06:002015-12-31T15:46:16.020-06:00Tilting at Windmills, Vol. 1, No. 20<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
I would like to take this time to wish everyone a Happy New Year! Please be responsible this evening and enjoy 2016. I am looking forward to a very interesting year and hope to pick up some of the things I have had to put on the back burner due to time requirements. Don't worry, I plan to continue my Art of Teaching History section, but with everything going on had to postpone the development of that thread until I could get caught up with thing. Hopefully that will be moving forward soon!<br />
<br />
See you in the new year!Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-20246404871336347842015-12-29T12:01:00.001-06:002015-12-29T12:01:21.211-06:00The Mad Historian's Athenaeum, Vol. 1, No. 26<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Nash, Gary B., Charlotte
Crabtree, and Ross E. Dunn. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History on
Trial: Culture Wars and the Teaching of the Past. </i>New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 1997. xiv + 320 ppg.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO2lk25aws99WUDZXNRkbRS5cE3M1P47ExOCS1582z3SO5Dznfbl4z6i3fKj9ftsqeh8k31dOG5E_OKjbm-Q9MOtWVbamLBh61dvmMDgg1XHTNRb1suxi8lcZPwbs76xaG-D2ii4yJ4cPB/s1600/History+on+Trial.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO2lk25aws99WUDZXNRkbRS5cE3M1P47ExOCS1582z3SO5Dznfbl4z6i3fKj9ftsqeh8k31dOG5E_OKjbm-Q9MOtWVbamLBh61dvmMDgg1XHTNRb1suxi8lcZPwbs76xaG-D2ii4yJ4cPB/s320/History+on+Trial.jpg" width="209" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The culture
wars of history are fascinating. Unfortunately, they are still with us. How we
interpret the past will always be a matter of contention as the juxtaposition
between memory and reality collide. Unfortunately, the way American politics
work conflicts with the actual intelligent development of national standards
and all levels of education. The culture wars of history go back many years,
but the battle in the 90s was particularly nasty just like it is today. The sad
thing is that the culture wars appear to be completely political in nature with
little factual basis to them. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIt_cno27s84PJ4EXckmFTOmJzDzfmInBPF3NK38tiHkLwhqFybty8WjHNBeYwYVCkKSGR4Kq1Wcvnc6N2XYhqwnsDpY7r7bM7pxOG9A7j1nXTa1v2-rcpLmxIcHq2_z2GGs-xhSSvCPyF/s1600/National+Standards+for+History.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIt_cno27s84PJ4EXckmFTOmJzDzfmInBPF3NK38tiHkLwhqFybty8WjHNBeYwYVCkKSGR4Kq1Wcvnc6N2XYhqwnsDpY7r7bM7pxOG9A7j1nXTa1v2-rcpLmxIcHq2_z2GGs-xhSSvCPyF/s1600/National+Standards+for+History.jpg" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gary Nash
and Charlotte Crabtree (she passed away in 2006) were the lead developers
overseeing the creation of the National History Standards in the late 1980s and
1990s. Funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH),
an organization then led by Lynne Cheney, wife of future vice president Richard
Cheney, they and others developed a solid set of standards for use in K-12. By
the time the standards were ready for release, Lynne Cheney had left the NEH
and entered the political arena as a conservative Republican. As a result,
Cheney would attack the standards, Nash, Crabtree, the historians and educator
working on the project and anyone or anything involved with it via mass media. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHVckNTQbZZ3yUWVDireUbNYtNFWUhCZbAZGFVwHB1q6szXbcCP9ZKHRql18FrkPtQR5Uc7fqG0feoXdApK0ujgrATF3swG42nITU6uhGUkYzlUcOF7djH0_na_1vJft696VdaqbgG6cLX/s1600/Culture+Wars.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHVckNTQbZZ3yUWVDireUbNYtNFWUhCZbAZGFVwHB1q6szXbcCP9ZKHRql18FrkPtQR5Uc7fqG0feoXdApK0ujgrATF3swG42nITU6uhGUkYzlUcOF7djH0_na_1vJft696VdaqbgG6cLX/s1600/Culture+Wars.jpg" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nash and
Crabtree show in this book how the standards were created, why they were
created, and who was involved in them. They also show how Lynne Cheney
supported the work up until she left for politics. In the process, Nash and Crabtree
thoroughly debunk the smear campaign waged by conservative media. In fact, they
expose the entire affair as nothing more than a political maneuver by
conservatives jockeying for votes by playing on the fears of Americans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The process of creating the standards was
begun by Republicans who wanted a set of national history standards. There were
no problems until Cheney entered politics and used the work to further her own
image and standing on the national stage. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgACxVD5tDlOD4Xu-wTZITTcEGtjf2C-PdC8o_7u9WW8dmHaQJwMI6Q2u4nozEqAg9lEzYgOwU-632vGDuMVhkQquptxOlULgXzswp__IGq2ba2YCqcAtJtoeDY4oIqQjlGElJREI89kYky/s1600/Culture+Wars+III.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgACxVD5tDlOD4Xu-wTZITTcEGtjf2C-PdC8o_7u9WW8dmHaQJwMI6Q2u4nozEqAg9lEzYgOwU-632vGDuMVhkQquptxOlULgXzswp__IGq2ba2YCqcAtJtoeDY4oIqQjlGElJREI89kYky/s320/Culture+Wars+III.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEuUnpf6UXmUasiNiM8UxHc9uZ-GDCFJXTXj9GfyrJAwuVDmkR7JJVR9jGWqX37Ug_IgJxIGx98fn7qFNuI4X4NtW5i37-xezhJSD-D5ATHoD-K8FCyvDfWYmjvPNV2QXocan0VG5AVxRO/s1600/Culture+Wars+II.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This book
does a wonderful job in exposing the hypocrisy of the entire assault by Cheney
and her clique including conservative media who were desperate for anything to
present to their audiences in order to generate ratings. The talking points of
those assaults are examined and easily rebutted in the book. Most of the time,
it is painfully obvious that the people slamming the standards had not read
them and were instead relying on someone else’s opinions. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM9qvBXRolAgnehkz4QygP60ePuVJHqsWHNdqAWDF9ITwAJwc8BlYW8Z5zAI_f-LcsaQgd6AzSZwHlH5hHRULqJmdU_wbzlqyp1KsfIY34xC7HdzAmyUllDoHOTDHdQkSxScXhELPgqkAy/s1600/Culture+Wars+IV.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM9qvBXRolAgnehkz4QygP60ePuVJHqsWHNdqAWDF9ITwAJwc8BlYW8Z5zAI_f-LcsaQgd6AzSZwHlH5hHRULqJmdU_wbzlqyp1KsfIY34xC7HdzAmyUllDoHOTDHdQkSxScXhELPgqkAy/s320/Culture+Wars+IV.gif" width="297" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Unfortunately,
the same people are bringing up the same issues today. That makes this book
particularly relevant. The arguments are the same, but this time involves
Common Core or the new AP History course. Reading this book can help
intelligent people rebut the distortions generated by those who wish to
perpetuate the myth of American Exceptionalism. It is worth noting that all of
the academic historical organizations in the US reject the conservative talking
points. Why is it that people with degrees in history and careers spanning
decades involving meticulous research into the many aspects of American History
are derided and ridiculed by a group of people who often lack a college degree,
or of the few that do have one, none of them are in history? </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/B884Ehw8wko/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/B884Ehw8wko?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
That alone should indicate what is
really going on in this discussion. Also, note how many of the detractors are
either politicians or media figures that use the discussions to generate
ratings. Once you examine the standards and the issues, it is painfully obvious
that Nash, Crabtree, and Dunn are correct and that this book exposes the
conservative attacks as nothing more than political rhetoric. With that in mind
this book gets four stars. I reserve five stars for truly great books and four
for very good books. </div>
Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-9063320120782704702015-12-24T22:16:00.002-06:002015-12-24T22:16:33.974-06:00According to Jim, Vol. 1, No. 20<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1HmkbsPjv_jAVot2kEauwFeKq09SJm4AdeprzqWVDlles-2SaRPBNsL-A07Sw_I4JGqsg0MB_2ud6oFibvKbi2v3hJyIkkrBIYE4c_ZbRPJ281z1DoVUDv2RhFCr6GlXD2MxeNE3iFetB/s1600/according-to-jim-5101717adfea9.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1HmkbsPjv_jAVot2kEauwFeKq09SJm4AdeprzqWVDlles-2SaRPBNsL-A07Sw_I4JGqsg0MB_2ud6oFibvKbi2v3hJyIkkrBIYE4c_ZbRPJ281z1DoVUDv2RhFCr6GlXD2MxeNE3iFetB/s320/according-to-jim-5101717adfea9.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzxIdS4bqfNZR4Ypi-f8_Yk8go2B6qOe7dW-HVexhwR9KEXUm3A4tKQjvOCD7O8xlMondtaR1dikUvnZRsf4ISYHU7FJPTpoAat_ap0o2FRiDhyzSSRmHYacEkfAw_O5gjIBHppLxBFAPg/s1600/Washington+Crossing+the+Delaware.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzxIdS4bqfNZR4Ypi-f8_Yk8go2B6qOe7dW-HVexhwR9KEXUm3A4tKQjvOCD7O8xlMondtaR1dikUvnZRsf4ISYHU7FJPTpoAat_ap0o2FRiDhyzSSRmHYacEkfAw_O5gjIBHppLxBFAPg/s320/Washington+Crossing+the+Delaware.jpg" width="320" /></a>As we celebrate Christmas with our family and friends, let us also remember those who in the past and present could not because they were preoccupied with military service. Every year since 1775 an American soldier, sailor, or Marine has been away from home on duty somewhere in the service of this nation. One of the most famous Christmas events took place in 1776 when General George Washington launched his surprise attack across the Delaware River and probably saved the fledgling nation after losing so many battles against the British.<br />
<br />
Another famous Christmas season when our troops were at war took place in 1944 during the Battle of the Bulge, an event my grandfather took place in as an infantryman in Co. K, 405th INF Regiment, 102nd "Ozark" Infantry Division. The division occupied the lines as other units, mainly armor, were shifted south for the main battle. During the Christmas holiday they were engaged in daily combat with the Wehrmacht units on the lines as the Germans were trying to pin down as many Allied troops as they could to keep them away from the main battle. The 102nd spoiled their goal by spreading out along the line and holding what had been held by four divisions.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy1nXbJBff8t40GY_RZm8OO2jRX1DSLvQxDJtho8asJ_OiTaCQ1Dh4c1Op3wnJ0k6ChBmXZQfGOher9ylgE9PgWXKI255cjNImhwy29KSqkcVREjjI42nzJcUWyslNdksoT5xBRfvbVN0Y/s1600/Ww2-113.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy1nXbJBff8t40GY_RZm8OO2jRX1DSLvQxDJtho8asJ_OiTaCQ1Dh4c1Op3wnJ0k6ChBmXZQfGOher9ylgE9PgWXKI255cjNImhwy29KSqkcVREjjI42nzJcUWyslNdksoT5xBRfvbVN0Y/s320/Ww2-113.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
There have been other wars, conflicts, and "military actions" which have kept our military service members in harm's way since the founding of this nation. Even during peace, our service members are away from home. So please take time this holiday season to say thanks to them and offer a prayer for their safety while also remembering those who have served somewhere on Christmas Day since 1775.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV7BEwwfuvkhkOnXlnvvomPamTIIMnmsB6RRZADdMdk-3ZMsEfCpLBZrYnHCURJh8DPd3HivyyyJlanB0suIupNA17nYYaJmqBAOgKFcy_8koPWCoBiiUkmM8jGZ9yAHtTGOpd8TmkFIw8/s1600/emergency+personne.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV7BEwwfuvkhkOnXlnvvomPamTIIMnmsB6RRZADdMdk-3ZMsEfCpLBZrYnHCURJh8DPd3HivyyyJlanB0suIupNA17nYYaJmqBAOgKFcy_8koPWCoBiiUkmM8jGZ9yAHtTGOpd8TmkFIw8/s1600/emergency+personne.jpg" /></a><br />
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<br />
<br />
While we're at it, remember those who will be on duty serving us as police officers, fire fighters, ambulance crews, hospital employees of all kinds, and all the men and women who will be on duty in some capacity this holiday. Keep them in your thoughts and prayers as well.<br />
<br />
<br />
Have a Merry Christmas and God Bless!<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7FIN-eAwzy3GYzijKZgkocDtkkkDHJfsbnWDqB88jJQCYqAVAIPmV91vdyVZ1cMgZWh9AQYGilzsa-skcj9dvlv0zQeBKf8nTwpzVZ8go8VUHUsNdAXpFU7HtCMvf5UaHYIroaRkk_CSO/s1600/Merry+Christmas%252C+service+ornaments.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7FIN-eAwzy3GYzijKZgkocDtkkkDHJfsbnWDqB88jJQCYqAVAIPmV91vdyVZ1cMgZWh9AQYGilzsa-skcj9dvlv0zQeBKf8nTwpzVZ8go8VUHUsNdAXpFU7HtCMvf5UaHYIroaRkk_CSO/s400/Merry+Christmas%252C+service+ornaments.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
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<br />Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-33634361312336152922015-12-22T12:13:00.002-06:002015-12-22T12:13:26.862-06:00The Mad Historian's Athenaeum, Vol 1, No. 25<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8-W0k9a37HW73KFXyF8yC88hopa8OMcJzd1Tcx5XJnPXfyUNZHPmccZ2LLr4Qz_ShnvItvkcjFpWjUUVJgHHAMcZiyH5BzSsgEDoVGSohobSY5kfwBcECCo8TjWbS837lzH5iuF-5Xq8e/s1600/Historian%2527s+Athenaeum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8-W0k9a37HW73KFXyF8yC88hopa8OMcJzd1Tcx5XJnPXfyUNZHPmccZ2LLr4Qz_ShnvItvkcjFpWjUUVJgHHAMcZiyH5BzSsgEDoVGSohobSY5kfwBcECCo8TjWbS837lzH5iuF-5Xq8e/s320/Historian%2527s+Athenaeum.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Martin, George R.R. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A
Dance with Dragons. </i>New York: Bantam Books, 2011. 1126 ppg.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO9VTo3t5BK-hyZ4TGqnhS_YFB0lu5JI4S9eb3WviLIetZX0RkP3u6FfcJ_r5S6keWtip6thCmrsCT1YUTnlEM9hEqMhGvKSUgtvm4KNBLRwRAdeBMiHH1aB-euGpUy_FIi8gkW3cILviV/s1600/A+Dance+of+Dragons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO9VTo3t5BK-hyZ4TGqnhS_YFB0lu5JI4S9eb3WviLIetZX0RkP3u6FfcJ_r5S6keWtip6thCmrsCT1YUTnlEM9hEqMhGvKSUgtvm4KNBLRwRAdeBMiHH1aB-euGpUy_FIi8gkW3cILviV/s1600/A+Dance+of+Dragons.jpg" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The fifth
volume in the massive series, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Song of
Ice and Fire</i>, checks in at 1126 pages and five years late in its
publication. George R.R. Martin has reached incredible heights in the slow
paced writing style matched by few authors. Granted, the books are good, but
the long period between releases is approaching unrealistic proportions. Also,
the length of these books could clearly be cut down so that two or even three books
could be released in that time span. That may or may not be up to him, but to
the publishing company. For that matter the first five volumes could easily be
ten to twelve separate works.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In any
event, you have to admit Martin can spin a tale. I have to admit I’m hooked.
There is something about the epic struggle between the factions of the realm in
Westeros, the Stark family’s survivors, and the struggle for the hand of a
queen in Esteros that compels me to keep reading. The pages are filled with
violence, but character development is unparalleled in Martin’s books. These
are not simple one dimensional characters created to fill roles, but people who
change their minds and even their beliefs over time. Some are locked into their
beliefs such as those who oppose Jon Snow and murder him while others are
willing to open themselves to new ideas. In any event, the people are what
drive the action of these books and I like many of you will read all the way to
the last page of the series to find out what happens to them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuYWVZ-oBHsOS8oY_1g8MgFfQ5zDv3T3UUC2EuuCnOwT9daYdz549nMcdwf38xRoxJReoZRTLdMojlBqc_Sh9WVQwnU3Oqggr1e7h0apmH1DPYbsZNruBiTpVk1y00UGc6rfgAgdkWhYtB/s1600/Corominas+-+A+Dance+with+Dragons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuYWVZ-oBHsOS8oY_1g8MgFfQ5zDv3T3UUC2EuuCnOwT9daYdz549nMcdwf38xRoxJReoZRTLdMojlBqc_Sh9WVQwnU3Oqggr1e7h0apmH1DPYbsZNruBiTpVk1y00UGc6rfgAgdkWhYtB/s320/Corominas+-+A+Dance+with+Dragons.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As of this
writing, the HBO series, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Game of Thrones,</i>
which is derived from the books has reached the point where the next season
goes beyond what Martin has written. I don’t think this will spoil the books
because there are many differences between the two already. I hoped it would
spur Martin to write faster, but if anything it may have slowed him down. This
book had plenty of action in it, but I notice that HBO cut out a lot of it as
well as what took place in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Feast For
Crows</i> and plunged forward. That makes me wonder just how much of these
books is extraneous to the overall storyline. Yet, I would not want to miss out
on discovering the fate of any character, even the minor ones. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0DBZtJ0jeriuy71TGZgBGaGUIKzDv7Jh5x6J-cBMFw6xEuUsh8IM1P_AcoQUGN6LZugSWhhV0KbFM0zQP3QgsOY-xxkCwWjSiC79h4zPBYbIcakr0haCKcOrO1gx6KhFzSFuTUXtY3Jn3/s1600/snow_giant_by_ferret42-d59prgp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0DBZtJ0jeriuy71TGZgBGaGUIKzDv7Jh5x6J-cBMFw6xEuUsh8IM1P_AcoQUGN6LZugSWhhV0KbFM0zQP3QgsOY-xxkCwWjSiC79h4zPBYbIcakr0haCKcOrO1gx6KhFzSFuTUXtY3Jn3/s320/snow_giant_by_ferret42-d59prgp.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For me,
this was the weakest of the five books. I am not particularly enamored of
Danerys and feel that her tale could have been condensed as too that of Jon
Snow and the Wall. As much attention as has been paid to these two characters
and their struggles, it makes one wonder just how important they are to the
overall story. This volume was practically devoted to them. It is pretty clear
that Martin knows how to flesh out his world. He has been called the American
Tolkien and it seems he is doing what Tolkien did, that of revealing every
detail of the world and leaving no stone unturned. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All in all,
the book is a good read, but I just dislike the long release periods between
them. I think that has the potential to lose fans and since it is very likely
the HBO show will end before the seventh and alleged last volume of the book
series, Martin may find himself loosing readers who lose interest between books
now that they find the answers they want on screen. Again, that is entirely
Martin’s choice. Other than that, I still recommend the series. It is well
written and character driven. It is definitely not for children and should not
be considered Young Adult by any stretch of the imagination. It is realistic
high fantasy with the gutters and dregs of society brought into the light. Some
say it is too real, but let’s face it, the medieval era was no era of chivalry. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9EVez1Z_1i-TG4rboWLjJoXDRtsEBdgQCntEWdA4-6YJyMng2iJeM1D-vCau5AWZcx_Rr4rE6oH3PRePmdq_iWbzgFQT34-sgn3MmNF1IKgtq0RWkY4X4s_O9Ng0cIbA-ME2sOCx7L670/s1600/Waiting+for+Winds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9EVez1Z_1i-TG4rboWLjJoXDRtsEBdgQCntEWdA4-6YJyMng2iJeM1D-vCau5AWZcx_Rr4rE6oH3PRePmdq_iWbzgFQT34-sgn3MmNF1IKgtq0RWkY4X4s_O9Ng0cIbA-ME2sOCx7L670/s320/Waiting+for+Winds.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So if you
are interested in a series that packs raw fantasy with realism and just enough
magic to remain believable while at the same time making everything mysterious,
this is the series for you. One thing seems clear from Martin’s writing so far.
The real struggle for the world is going to take place in the North along the
wall. Winter is no longer coming. It is here and I think the next volume in the
series is going to shock everything in the Seven Kingdoms when long ignored
tales of fiction turn out to be very vividly and deadly fact. So if you haven’t
read the series as of yet, now is the time to get started. You only have 5200
or so pages to read before you make it to the end as of now!</div>
Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-6384658893900063882015-12-19T09:04:00.002-06:002015-12-19T09:04:26.417-06:00History...Yesterday in the Present, No. 13<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyYMfiuAI2VJau-mVL5f1foReAloj17ln1cWlbFksW1VYjUuKZ9iF2d54pc9f_mfajHYDNmFjlEqWw95CiUOdt1WDYC-LGB68-rhmWE2OMif5ELDkF4WunqAWZuSmSplznKIWP8mUZa2LK/s1600/New+Picture.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="64" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyYMfiuAI2VJau-mVL5f1foReAloj17ln1cWlbFksW1VYjUuKZ9iF2d54pc9f_mfajHYDNmFjlEqWw95CiUOdt1WDYC-LGB68-rhmWE2OMif5ELDkF4WunqAWZuSmSplznKIWP8mUZa2LK/s320/New+Picture.bmp" width="320" /></a></div>
<header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">
How Thomas Paine’s other pamphlet saved the Revolution</h1>
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<time class="entry-time" datetime="2015-12-19T07:50:17+00:00" itemprop="datePublished">December 19, 2015</time> by <span class="entry-author" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a class="entry-author-link" href="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/author/ncc/" itemprop="url" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name" itemprop="name">NCC Staff</span></a></span> </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-official sd-sharing">
Original article appeared on the National Constitution Center's blog page 12-19-2015.</div>
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The publication of Thomas Paine’s <em>Common Sense</em>
caused a sensation in early 1776 as it explained the need for freedom.
But it was a second series of pamphlets published on December 19 of that
year that inspire a huge American military victory.<br />
<a href="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/theAmericanCrisis.jpg"><img alt="theAmericanCrisis" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-36675" height="263" src="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/theAmericanCrisis.jpg" width="400" /></a>“These
are the times that try men’s souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine
patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country;
but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and
woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this
consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the
triumph,” <a href="http://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/primary-source-documents/the-american-crisis/" target="_blank">said Paine in</a> <i>The American Crisis</i>, a new pamphlet that appeared in the Pennsylvania Journal.<br />
<br />
Four days later, like a modern day football coach seeking to inspire
his team, General George Washington had Paine’s words read out loud to
his troops at McKonkey’s Ferry on the Delaware River. Paine had written
the words during the army’s retreat from New York.<br />
The army’s commanders read the words to a force that include John Marshall, Alexander Hamilton, James Monroe and Aaron Burr.<br />
<br />
Washington was literally at a crossroads. His opponent, General Howe,
had offered pardons to local residents, and the re-enlistment period
was ending for the volunteers in his army.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIbYJklerumesahKo0WXEybnI7jMiogq_pJpeiVRyX2fo522J3LvACYjEv-saRGHNE_L6kyCSXlYmC20mJaMSEsH2Swz7aR1R1hBIi5go065nRnDdXQ3jRpL7HDA9pgigVEBhj_MNyC5ML/s1600/Trenton+1776.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIbYJklerumesahKo0WXEybnI7jMiogq_pJpeiVRyX2fo522J3LvACYjEv-saRGHNE_L6kyCSXlYmC20mJaMSEsH2Swz7aR1R1hBIi5go065nRnDdXQ3jRpL7HDA9pgigVEBhj_MNyC5ML/s320/Trenton+1776.jpg" width="320" /></a>An inspired Washington and his troops, who adopted the motto “Victory
or Death,” crossed the Delaware River during a Nor’easter on Christmas
Day and routed the Hessian garrison at Trenton.<br />
The much-needed victory galvanized the Revolutionary forces and the
Continental Congress. Troops decided to enlist again as Washington’s
forces won a second battle at Trenton and a key engagement at Princeton.<br />
<br />
While American Crisis did much to inspire the troops, its fame was nowhere near that of <em>Common Sense, </em><em>which </em>was the first viral mass communications event in America<br />
The first version of <em>Common Sense</em> went viral, in the current sense of the word, when it hit the cobblestone streets here on January 9, 1776.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu4DSRlurf1B63i4HecfNtPFbkGPByxlrhk30E40DT-TDd200cD7AUc9pjTX-jBMuiKPEl9obqNUHpA6nKAINRXg4g2OqzbDmFY7DzdKBeQuTmfeH_9071Q8GqG9huJELEB-p-nJ8uahqJ/s1600/Common+Sense.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu4DSRlurf1B63i4HecfNtPFbkGPByxlrhk30E40DT-TDd200cD7AUc9pjTX-jBMuiKPEl9obqNUHpA6nKAINRXg4g2OqzbDmFY7DzdKBeQuTmfeH_9071Q8GqG9huJELEB-p-nJ8uahqJ/s320/Common+Sense.jpg" width="206" /></a><em>Common Sense </em>sold 120,000 copies in its first three months,
and by the end of the Revolution, 500,000 copies were sold. The
estimated population of the Colonies (excluding its African-American and
Native American populations) was 2.5 million.<br />
So <a href="http://www.freakonomics.com/2011/09/01/were-colonial-americans-more-literate-than-americans-today/" target="_blank">about 20 percent of colonists owned a copy of the revolutionary booklet</a>. In current-day sales, that would amount to sales of 60 million, not including overseas sales.<br />
<strong>Link:</strong> <a href="http://www.bartleby.com/133/" target="_blank">Read <em>Common Sense</em></a><br />
<br />
In the case of <em>Common Sense</em>, the publicity was literally
word of mouth, since people would buy the pamphlet and shout the words
on street corners and inside taverns for the illiterate to hear.<br />
Paine was born and raised in England, and he had been in Philadelphia
for little more than a year, after getting a letter of recommendation
from Benjamin Franklin.<br />
He published <em>Common Sense</em> anonymously, and its simple words made the case for the Colonies’ separation from England, in no uncertain terms.<br />
<br />
In his later years, Paine would become a controversial figure because
of his writings on religion and his role in the French revolution; only
a handful of people attended his funeral in 1809.<br />
President Thomas Jefferson had permitted Paine to return from France in his final years, and <a href="http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/presidents/thomas-jefferson/letters-of-thomas-jefferson/jefl265.php" target="_blank">wrote about the author in 1821</a>.<br />
“No writer has exceeded Paine in ease and familiarity of style, in
perspicuity of expression, happiness of elucidation, and in simple and
unassuming language,” Jefferson said. “ In this he may be compared with
Dr. Franklin; and indeed his<em> Common Sense</em> was, for awhile,
believed to have been written by Dr. Franklin, and published under the
borrowed name of Paine, who had come over with him from England.”Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-71742387505203958512015-12-17T18:17:00.001-06:002015-12-17T18:17:37.168-06:00History...Yesterday in the Present<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmmV9u1JwNaWbfvD2w-YZUHsOPi0m2HkmClDtEnoqLatv6cpQqZtuCnjVfFmGnB3afvlBtpDRXCyu5PyixOQXS-pThJRrhP3LrspGunx0XDJPlxJPKTwNNw0WthiwC5tTL2hG4RbMYjBT3/s1600/New+Picture.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="64" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmmV9u1JwNaWbfvD2w-YZUHsOPi0m2HkmClDtEnoqLatv6cpQqZtuCnjVfFmGnB3afvlBtpDRXCyu5PyixOQXS-pThJRrhP3LrspGunx0XDJPlxJPKTwNNw0WthiwC5tTL2hG4RbMYjBT3/s320/New+Picture.bmp" width="320" /></a></div>
<h1 class="pg-headline">
New Orleans votes to remove Confederate, Civil War monuments</h1>
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<span class="metadata__byline__author">By <a href="http://www.cnn.com/profiles/ben-brumfield">Ben Brumfield</a> and Ralph Ellis, CNN</span></div>
<div class="update-time">
Updated 6:13 PM ET, Thu December 17, 2015 <span class="video__source top_source" id="js-pagetop_video_source"></span></div>
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<div class="js-gigya-sharebar" data-description="The New Orleans City Council votes to remove four monuments to the Confederacy." data-image-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150710032316-nola-lee-circle-large-169.jpg" data-isshorturl="true" data-link="http://cnn.it/1O9Q570" data-subtitle="" data-title="New Orleans votes to remove Confederate, Civil War monuments" data-twitter-account="CNN" id="gigyaShareBar_4_gig_containerParent">
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<tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap; zoom: 1;">Original story appeared on CNN.</td></tr>
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<span class="el__storyelement__header">NOLA mayor wants to replace Robert E. Lee statue</span> <span class="el__storyelement__gray">03:25</span></div>
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<h3 class="el__headline">
Story highlights</h3>
<ul class="el__storyhighlights__list">
<li class="el__storyhighlights__item el__storyhighlights--new"> The city's mayor says the vote was "a courageous decision"</li>
<li class="el__storyhighlights__item el__storyhighlights--normal">New Orleans City Council votes 6-1 to remove three statues and one obelisk</li>
<li class="el__storyhighlights__item el__storyhighlights--normal">A majority of council members introduced the proposal at the mayor's request</li>
</ul>
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<cite class="el-editorial-source"> (CNN)</cite>A
large crowd broke into cheers Thursday after the New Orleans City
Council voted to remove four monuments to the Confederacy from prominent
places in the city.</div>
</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
The 6-1 vote
means officials will take down statues of Gens. Robert E. Lee, P.G.T.
Beauregard and Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy. An obelisk
dedicated to the Battle of Liberty Place will also go.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
It's
one of the strongest gestures yet by an American city to remove symbols
of Confederate history, following a trend in many Southern states to
take down the Confederate battle flag.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Historic
societies in the 300-year-old city supported the removal of the
monuments, and the proposal was introduced by a majority of City Council
members.</div>
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<span class="el__storyelement__header">New Orleans' mayor wants Confederate monuments removed</span> <span class="el__storyelement__gray">02:21</span></div>
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<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Mayor
Mitch Landrieu described the move as a "courageous decision to turn a
page on our divisive past and chart the course for a more inclusive
future."</div>
<div class="zn-body__read-all">
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Council
member Nadine Ramsey said New Orleans needed to stop living "underneath
the shadows" of monuments to people who supported slavery.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
"We
need not honor these individuals and moments from the past that do not
meet our standards of decency, equality and nondiscrimination," she
said.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Council member Stacy Head cast
the only vote against taking down the monuments, saying the action would
create more division and not solve the city's real problems.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
"It
will not improve the socioeconomic balance of the city," she said. "If
it would make the city more color blind, if it would create more
balance, I would sacrifice almost any physical object to get us to that
point."</div>
<h3>
Charleston slayings were a tipping point</h3>
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<span class="el__storyelement__header"> 17 photos:</span> <span class="el__storyelement__gray">Charleston church shooting</span></div>
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<img alt="Law enforcement officers in Charleston, South Carolina, stand guard near the scene of the shooting at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church." class="media__image media__image--responsive media__image--cut-format owl-lazy" data-cut-format="16:9" data-eq-pts="mini: 0, xsmall: 221, small: 308, medium: 461, large: 781" data-eq-state="xsmall" data-src-full16x9="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-full-169.jpg" data-src-large="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-super-169.jpg" data-src-medium="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-exlarge-169.jpg" data-src-mini1x1="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-small-11.jpg" data-src-mini="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-small-169.jpg" data-src-small="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-large-169.jpg" data-src-xsmall="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-small-169.jpg" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAJEAAAAAAP///////wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKlI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" /></div>
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<img alt="A police officer directs a police vehicle in front of the church on June 18." class="media__image media__image--responsive media__image--cut-format owl-lazy" data-cut-format="16:9" data-eq-pts="mini: 0, xsmall: 221, small: 308, medium: 461, large: 781" data-eq-state="xsmall" data-src-full16x9="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-full-169.jpg" data-src-large="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-super-169.jpg" data-src-medium="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-exlarge-169.jpg" data-src-mini1x1="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-small-11.jpg" data-src-mini="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-small-169.jpg" data-src-small="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-large-169.jpg" data-src-xsmall="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-small-169.jpg" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAJEAAAAAAP///////wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKlI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" /></div>
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<img alt="Two law enforcement officials said Roof confessed. Roof said he wanted to start a race war, one of the officials said." class="media__image media__image--responsive media__image--cut-format owl-lazy" data-cut-format="16:9" data-eq-pts="mini: 0, xsmall: 221, small: 308, medium: 461, large: 781" data-eq-state="xsmall" data-src-full16x9="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618195955-mug-shot-dylann-storm-roof-full-169.jpg" data-src-large="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618195955-mug-shot-dylann-storm-roof-super-169.jpg" data-src-medium="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618195955-mug-shot-dylann-storm-roof-exlarge-169.jpg" data-src-mini1x1="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618195955-mug-shot-dylann-storm-roof-small-11.jpg" data-src-mini="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618195955-mug-shot-dylann-storm-roof-small-169.jpg" data-src-small="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618195955-mug-shot-dylann-storm-roof-large-169.jpg" data-src-xsmall="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618195955-mug-shot-dylann-storm-roof-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618195955-mug-shot-dylann-storm-roof-small-169.jpg" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAJEAAAAAAP///////wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKlI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" /></div>
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<img alt="Charleston police officers search for the shooting suspect outside the church on Wednesday, June 17." class="media__image media__image--responsive media__image--cut-format owl-lazy" data-cut-format="16:9" data-eq-pts="mini: 0, xsmall: 221, small: 308, medium: 461, large: 781" data-eq-state="xsmall" data-src-full16x9="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130423-03-charleston-shooting-0818-full-169.jpg" data-src-large="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130423-03-charleston-shooting-0818-super-169.jpg" data-src-medium="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130423-03-charleston-shooting-0818-exlarge-169.jpg" data-src-mini1x1="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130423-03-charleston-shooting-0818-small-11.jpg" data-src-mini="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130423-03-charleston-shooting-0818-small-169.jpg" data-src-small="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130423-03-charleston-shooting-0818-large-169.jpg" data-src-xsmall="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130423-03-charleston-shooting-0818-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130423-03-charleston-shooting-0818-small-169.jpg" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAJEAAAAAAP///////wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKlI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" /></div>
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<img alt="An armed police officer moves up Calhoun Street on June 17." class="media__image media__image--responsive media__image--cut-format owl-lazy" data-cut-format="16:9" data-eq-pts="mini: 0, xsmall: 221, small: 308, medium: 461, large: 781" data-eq-state="xsmall" data-src-full16x9="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150617235851-05-charleston-shooting-0617-full-169.jpg" data-src-large="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150617235851-05-charleston-shooting-0617-super-169.jpg" data-src-medium="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150617235851-05-charleston-shooting-0617-exlarge-169.jpg" data-src-mini1x1="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150617235851-05-charleston-shooting-0617-small-11.jpg" data-src-mini="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150617235851-05-charleston-shooting-0617-small-169.jpg" data-src-small="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150617235851-05-charleston-shooting-0617-large-169.jpg" data-src-xsmall="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150617235851-05-charleston-shooting-0617-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150617235851-05-charleston-shooting-0617-small-169.jpg" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAJEAAAAAAP///////wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKlI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" /></div>
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<img alt="Police in Charleston released this security-camera image that they say shows Roof entering the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church." class="media__image media__image--responsive media__image--cut-format owl-lazy" data-cut-format="16:9" data-eq-pts="mini: 0, xsmall: 221, small: 308, medium: 461, large: 781" data-eq-state="xsmall" data-src-full16x9="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618103846-charleston-surveillance-suspect-full-169.jpg" data-src-large="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618103846-charleston-surveillance-suspect-super-169.jpg" data-src-medium="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618103846-charleston-surveillance-suspect-exlarge-169.jpg" data-src-mini1x1="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618103846-charleston-surveillance-suspect-small-11.jpg" data-src-mini="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618103846-charleston-surveillance-suspect-small-169.jpg" data-src-small="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618103846-charleston-surveillance-suspect-large-169.jpg" data-src-xsmall="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618103846-charleston-surveillance-suspect-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618103846-charleston-surveillance-suspect-small-169.jpg" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAJEAAAAAAP///////wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKlI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" /></div>
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<img alt="In this image from the video uplink from the detention center to the courtroom, Dylann Roof appears at a bond hearing Friday, June 19, in South Carolina. Roof is charged with nine counts of murder and firearms charges in the shooting deaths at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina on June 17." class="media__image media__image--responsive media__image--cut-format owl-lazy" data-cut-format="16:9" data-demand-load="loaded" data-eq-pts="mini: 0, xsmall: 221, small: 308, medium: 461, large: 781" data-eq-state="xsmall" src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619193037-video-detention-center-coutroom-charleston-shooter-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src-full16x9="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619193037-video-detention-center-coutroom-charleston-shooter-full-169.jpg" data-src-large="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619193037-video-detention-center-coutroom-charleston-shooter-super-169.jpg" data-src-medium="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619193037-video-detention-center-coutroom-charleston-shooter-exlarge-169.jpg" data-src-mini1x1="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619193037-video-detention-center-coutroom-charleston-shooter-small-11.jpg" data-src-mini="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619193037-video-detention-center-coutroom-charleston-shooter-small-169.jpg" data-src-small="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619193037-video-detention-center-coutroom-charleston-shooter-large-169.jpg" data-src-xsmall="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619193037-video-detention-center-coutroom-charleston-shooter-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619193037-video-detention-center-coutroom-charleston-shooter-small-169.jpg" style="opacity: 1;" /></div>
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<img alt="Dylann Roof, the 21-year-old charged with murdering nine people in a church shooting on Wednesday, June 17, is escorted by police in Shelby, North Carolina, on Thursday, June 18." class="media__image media__image--responsive media__image--cut-format owl-lazy" data-cut-format="16:9" data-eq-pts="mini: 0, xsmall: 221, small: 308, medium: 461, large: 781" data-eq-state="xsmall" data-src-full16x9="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619064840-01-charleston-0619-full-169.jpg" data-src-large="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619064840-01-charleston-0619-super-169.jpg" data-src-medium="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619064840-01-charleston-0619-exlarge-169.jpg" data-src-mini1x1="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619064840-01-charleston-0619-small-11.jpg" data-src-mini="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619064840-01-charleston-0619-small-169.jpg" data-src-small="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619064840-01-charleston-0619-large-169.jpg" data-src-xsmall="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619064840-01-charleston-0619-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150619064840-01-charleston-0619-small-169.jpg" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAJEAAAAAAP///////wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKlI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" /></div>
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<img alt="Law enforcement officers in Charleston, South Carolina, stand guard near the scene of the shooting at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church." class="media__image media__image--responsive media__image--cut-format owl-lazy" data-cut-format="16:9" data-eq-pts="mini: 0, xsmall: 221, small: 308, medium: 461, large: 781" data-eq-state="xsmall" data-src-full16x9="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-full-169.jpg" data-src-large="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-super-169.jpg" data-src-medium="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-exlarge-169.jpg" data-src-mini1x1="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-small-11.jpg" data-src-mini="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-small-169.jpg" data-src-small="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-large-169.jpg" data-src-xsmall="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130111-01-charleston-shooting-0618-small-169.jpg" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAJEAAAAAAP///////wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKlI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" /></div>
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<img alt="A police officer directs a police vehicle in front of the church on June 18." class="media__image media__image--responsive media__image--cut-format owl-lazy" data-cut-format="16:9" data-eq-pts="mini: 0, xsmall: 221, small: 308, medium: 461, large: 781" data-eq-state="xsmall" data-src-full16x9="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-full-169.jpg" data-src-large="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-super-169.jpg" data-src-medium="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-exlarge-169.jpg" data-src-mini1x1="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-small-11.jpg" data-src-mini="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-small-169.jpg" data-src-small="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-large-169.jpg" data-src-xsmall="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150618130248-02-charleston-shooting-0618-small-169.jpg" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAJEAAAAAAP///////wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKlI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" /></div>
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<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Landrieu said the church slayings in Charleston, South Carolina, moved him to take action.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
He'd been thinking about having the symbols of the Confederacy removed for about a year, when <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/18/us/charleston-south-carolina-shooting/">a white gunman in South Carolina massacred black worshippers</a> at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal on June 17. <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/us/charleston-church-shooting-suspect/">Dylann Roof, the shooter,</a> venerated the Confederate battle flag. And soon after the shooting, <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/us/south-carolina-confederate-flag-still-flies/" target="_blank">calls to remove it from that state's Capitol grounds intensified</a>.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
A week later, Landrieu announced the planned ordinance. </div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<a href="http://www.nola.gov/getattachment/Mayor/Press-Conferences/Monuments-Speech_december-meeting_FINAL.pdf/?utm_content=&utm_medium=email&utm_name=&utm_source=govdelivery&utm_term=" target="_blank">He addressed the City Council on Thursday</a>, saying that New Orleans has many monuments, but he wanted these four removed because they are the most important. </div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
"This is the right thing to do at the right time," Landrieu said.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
"As
we approach the Tricentennial, New Orleanians have the power and the
right to correct historical wrongs and move the City forward. The ties
that bind us together as a city are stronger than what keeps us apart,"
he said, according to a City Hall news release.</div>
<h3>
Monuments called 'nuisances'</h3>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
The
ordinance approved by the council declares the Confederate monuments
"nuisances" and called for them to be removed. The statues are
unconstitutional, said the proposed ordinance marked <a href="http://cityofno.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?view_id=3&event_id=522&meta_id=311034" target="_blank">Calendar No. 31,082</a>. </div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
"They
honor, praise, or foster ideologies which are in conflict with the
requirements of equal protection for citizens as provided by the
constitution and laws of the United States, the state, or the laws of
the city and suggests the supremacy of one ethnic, religious, or racial
group over another."</div>
<h3>
Monument supporters say it's not about race</h3>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
In July, <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/10/us/new-orleans-confederate-monuments/" target="_blank">the city called for 60 days of public meetings </a>to review the proposed ordinance.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Landrieu requested the vote to banish specters of racism. But opponents of the plan steered away from any racial argument.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Keeping
the figures of the Confederacy was not about preserving racial
injustice, they said, but about honoring figures who fought to protect
the city.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
New Orleans, which was the
largest city in the Confederacy, fell to Union forces in 1862 and was
under federal occupation beyond the Civil War's end in 1865.</div>
<h3>
No place for Lee</h3>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
One
prominent artist who wanted the figures gone also skirted the issue of
race. Jazz musician Wynton Marsalis, who is African-American, said that
Lee in particular had no historic place in the city.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
"This
symbolic place in our city should represent a great New Orleanian, or
it should be an open space that represents our latest prevail and how
people helped us, not a person who had nothing to do with our city and
who indeed fought against the United States of America and lost," <a href="http://www.wdsu.com/news/local-news/new-orleans/prominent-figures-weigh-in-on-confederate-monument-debate/37004208" target="_blank">Marsalis told CNN affiliate WDSU</a>.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Gen.
P.G.T. Beauregard was a Louisiana native, and Confederate President
Jefferson Davis lived in New Orleans after the war and died there.</div>
<h3>
Statue has stood since 1884</h3>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Lee's statue stands 60 feet high atop a <a href="http://www.neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/850" target="_blank">neoclassical column at what was christened Lee Circle</a> in his honor. It was originally called Tivoli Circle. Most Mardi Gras parades snake right past it.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Lee faces north, looking in the direction of his former enemy, and has stood there since 1884, <a href="http://www.neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/850" target="_blank">the history department at the University of New Orleans says</a>. Both Davis and Beauregard attended the monument's dedication.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Their statues were erected in the 1910s.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
A fourth monument, probably the most contentious, will also be taken down. </div>
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<span class="el__storyelement__header"> 6 photos:</span> <span class="el__storyelement__gray">Evolution of the Confederate flag</span></div>
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<img alt="The third National Flag of the Confederacy was the final flag of the Confederate government and was adopted on March 4, 1865. The flag was not used long before the Confederacy surrendered. " class="media__image media__image--responsive media__image--cut-format owl-lazy" data-cut-format="16:9" data-eq-pts="mini: 0, xsmall: 221, small: 308, medium: 461, large: 781" data-eq-state="xsmall" data-src-full16x9="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172117-03-confederate-flag-full-169.jpg" data-src-large="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172117-03-confederate-flag-super-169.jpg" data-src-medium="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172117-03-confederate-flag-exlarge-169.jpg" data-src-mini1x1="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172117-03-confederate-flag-small-11.jpg" data-src-mini="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172117-03-confederate-flag-small-169.jpg" data-src-small="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172117-03-confederate-flag-large-169.jpg" data-src-xsmall="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172117-03-confederate-flag-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172117-03-confederate-flag-small-169.jpg" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAJEAAAAAAP///////wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKlI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" /></div>
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<img alt="The Confederate Battle flag known as the &quot;Southern Cross&quot; has 13 stars to represent the defeated Confederate States of America. " class="media__image media__image--responsive media__image--cut-format owl-lazy" data-cut-format="16:9" data-eq-pts="mini: 0, xsmall: 221, small: 308, medium: 461, large: 781" data-eq-state="xsmall" data-src-full16x9="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172639-confederate-battle-flag-sc-full-169.jpg" data-src-large="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172639-confederate-battle-flag-sc-super-169.jpg" data-src-medium="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172639-confederate-battle-flag-sc-exlarge-169.jpg" data-src-mini1x1="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172639-confederate-battle-flag-sc-small-11.jpg" data-src-mini="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172639-confederate-battle-flag-sc-small-169.jpg" data-src-small="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172639-confederate-battle-flag-sc-large-169.jpg" data-src-xsmall="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172639-confederate-battle-flag-sc-medium-plus-169.jpg" data-src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150622172639-confederate-battle-flag-sc-small-169.jpg" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAJEAAAAAAP///////wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKlI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" /></div>
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<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
The
monument to the Battle of Liberty Place commemorates an uprising in
1874 of the White League against federal forces and police in an attempt
to overthrow racially integrated governance put in place during
Reconstruction.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Former mayors, including Landrieu's father, Moon Landrieu, have attempted to have this monument removed or altered.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
When
asked what would happen to the removed monuments, Landrieu suggested a
park that would reflect the complete history of the city, from before
the American Revolution to the present. That park, he said, would be a
place where "history can be remembered and not revered."</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
He said city leaders should consider forming a commission to decide what to do about other monuments.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Council
President Jason Williams said, "After a long and thoughtful debate on
this issue, I am pleased that we have reached a conclusion. Thank you to
all citizens who have participated and made your voices heard during
this process. We all may have differing perspectives, but share a common
love and concern for the City of New Orleans." </div>
</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph zn-body__footer">
CNN's Catherine E. Shoichet, Andreas Preuss and Joe Sutton contributed to this report.</div>
</div>
Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-24077390390683585982015-12-16T09:44:00.001-06:002015-12-16T09:44:31.426-06:00The Mad Historian's Athenaeum, Vol. 1, No. 24<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwlW7bxd_2LaJyc8VDuoZH1sWofLynnXsHuM4MvCMMgzyPh1QRiXvZKqH6BGVjmk8DNXpnfvMofBeBZ_XIqiysSZG8wsSOLVJ4IrmYivwERyW6D1FmI5nEff2e09pe2qCeeWbp9JFd2pAd/s1600/Historian%2527s+Athenaeum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwlW7bxd_2LaJyc8VDuoZH1sWofLynnXsHuM4MvCMMgzyPh1QRiXvZKqH6BGVjmk8DNXpnfvMofBeBZ_XIqiysSZG8wsSOLVJ4IrmYivwERyW6D1FmI5nEff2e09pe2qCeeWbp9JFd2pAd/s320/Historian%2527s+Athenaeum.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5LttNcS3XG5f9KXHhR6cQZruyiUu_i6OFOH9w6CzNxzAMBHMGBG4t_zNjB6_9ztXoUkq0Q1_MhqaJ3TaP3F1nVdnErYsEbHefyDntz_kAIXQfeqGqwZraGeSnpnYtB6ehwcFwN9C8yHzC/s1600/Revolutionary+Founders.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5LttNcS3XG5f9KXHhR6cQZruyiUu_i6OFOH9w6CzNxzAMBHMGBG4t_zNjB6_9ztXoUkq0Q1_MhqaJ3TaP3F1nVdnErYsEbHefyDntz_kAIXQfeqGqwZraGeSnpnYtB6ehwcFwN9C8yHzC/s320/Revolutionary+Founders.jpg" width="216" /></a>Today is the 242nd anniversary of the Boston Tea Party. I do not have any reviews of Benjamin Labaree's books as of yet, so I will celebrate with a review of a book that does deal with some of the people that played a role in the American Revolution in the Massachusetts area as well as others.<br />
<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Alfred F. Young, Gary B. Nash,
and Ray Raphael. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Revolutionary Founders:
Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of a Nation.</i> New York: Alfred
A Knopf, 2011. 452 pp. </div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjWM1a8S4JV6yabaSIE1UAQMjp8S5W8vEB9T9GdwLaelmQeuU2VRFtAyGlcPIQ2El2ea6obcpC00-JdkqeQpUp4oLEP18JHP723Pat0QG5mPwBmzBZL3R6nEsT27vAmJs99LNSlarForwa/s1600/Boston+Tea+Party.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjWM1a8S4JV6yabaSIE1UAQMjp8S5W8vEB9T9GdwLaelmQeuU2VRFtAyGlcPIQ2El2ea6obcpC00-JdkqeQpUp4oLEP18JHP723Pat0QG5mPwBmzBZL3R6nEsT27vAmJs99LNSlarForwa/s320/Boston+Tea+Party.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Most
Americans have a general idea of what the American Revolution was regardless of
whether or not they understand the fine details of how it began and what
followed afterwards. Few Americans know the men and women they will encounter
in reading this collection of twenty-two essays penned by many of the leading
historians of this period. In many ways these individuals had just as great a
role in the founding of the US as the men who most consider to be Founders such
as John Adams, George Washington, and Benjamin Franklin. Although they are
hardly known to the people of today, these individuals were the ones who helped
start the Revolution, sustain it during the long years of combat, and determine
the future direction of the new nation.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifrcKf4bRAISqGTsl9aCQjuzTgWHTVODAlnB7U5RqMGXygmeBpEZiRY8ibRGWxux3e0KiotLyXKXCvaXfwDR5M4ythCc3tPNH8w77Ytv1WXLCuSCwfR-vcJCok0lrxRqB8uxEeCyEW3dFv/s1600/Stamp+Act+riot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifrcKf4bRAISqGTsl9aCQjuzTgWHTVODAlnB7U5RqMGXygmeBpEZiRY8ibRGWxux3e0KiotLyXKXCvaXfwDR5M4ythCc3tPNH8w77Ytv1WXLCuSCwfR-vcJCok0lrxRqB8uxEeCyEW3dFv/s320/Stamp+Act+riot.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The late
Alfred F. Young, esteemed historian from Northern Illinois University begins
the book with an essay on Ebenezer Mackintosh, the leader of the mobs that
resisted the Stamp Act in 1765 in the streets of Boston. The tone of the book
is set by this essay as Young explores the role of the common people in the
Revolution. Without the support of the people there would have been no
Revolution and no United States created in 1776. Yet, the people were not
united in their actions nor were the men who are remembered as Founders on the
national and state levels. In many cases the actions of the people led those
men into supporting the Revolution. Unfortunately the common men would be
forgotten or marginalized by the more well known men who took over the reins of
the revolutionary effort. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqSBVKyC2e658WOR4Y7mpN795FnOAkoOD7SpLqaI_NlrZC40GhAGTTlCc5PRwSe6HO49QzI2gjhZW9G0ly1N71sSz6cnY6UGQtKzJqWkMoC8yZAouq9RbtR8n0cI5aRs3xjgXMm-XG3SHG/s1600/Stamp+Act+Repealed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqSBVKyC2e658WOR4Y7mpN795FnOAkoOD7SpLqaI_NlrZC40GhAGTTlCc5PRwSe6HO49QzI2gjhZW9G0ly1N71sSz6cnY6UGQtKzJqWkMoC8yZAouq9RbtR8n0cI5aRs3xjgXMm-XG3SHG/s320/Stamp+Act+Repealed.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Men like
Ebenezer Mackintosh, Timothy Bigelow, and Joseph Plumb Martin along with black
men and women both free and enslaved played prominent roles in their part of
the Revolution along with Native Americans. All levels of colonial society was
affected by the events that took place and despite the attempts by many to
prevent change on a large scale, social, political, economic, cultural, and
even religious change occurred on a massive level as the Revolution set the
former British colonies on a different tangent than the home country. In
reading these essays the reader can begin to develop an inkling of why
historians like Gordon Wood think the period of the greatest change in the US
came after the Revolution during the years of the Early Republic era. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQpeycaWvwOuzcJJKYk68oQ9lbkeWbwZ970TwWTdy-91CYTGRsVv0JRPINi3Yv4_qmScdhd4bNnrWV4hawnFYfJ8JFYttgTIdxOHjM-n7TWA3agDqnyx5FJo1bZxgEXsyfyDd5EIYVKi7I/s1600/The+Townshend+Acts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQpeycaWvwOuzcJJKYk68oQ9lbkeWbwZ970TwWTdy-91CYTGRsVv0JRPINi3Yv4_qmScdhd4bNnrWV4hawnFYfJ8JFYttgTIdxOHjM-n7TWA3agDqnyx5FJo1bZxgEXsyfyDd5EIYVKi7I/s1600/The+Townshend+Acts.jpg" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These are
certainly not all of the legions of forgotten patriots who put everything on
the line during these years. If there is a drawback to this book it is that it
doesn’t weave the essays into a grand narrative of US history although after
each essay there is a section for further reading detailing additional sources
to explore regarding the events and people brought up in that particular essay.
What is interesting is that each historian has their own input on what was
going on concerning the subject their essay was about so that the reader will
begin to understand there are still many differing opinions on what exactly was
going on in that time and how the individuals portrayed in that essay were both
reacting to and participating in it. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFObigFrUahHXA6LT4ba9RC6ho0cHvyG6hmvFgAInEo_AI1gCsTl2_2QXsTk1U0Swb3HiuGJJmk_gR66t_68u2rwL5ezjc2wdQBkFFikq4HtijrJwLEzcyd_uGltYOlr66f3KoWYR3NmNI/s1600/Prince+Hall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFObigFrUahHXA6LT4ba9RC6ho0cHvyG6hmvFgAInEo_AI1gCsTl2_2QXsTk1U0Swb3HiuGJJmk_gR66t_68u2rwL5ezjc2wdQBkFFikq4HtijrJwLEzcyd_uGltYOlr66f3KoWYR3NmNI/s320/Prince+Hall.jpg" width="230" /></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For readers
more familiar with the short topic form of literature the length of the essays
here will fit them perfectly. They average 15 to 20 pages each and are compact
enough to provide useful readings for both high school and college courses in
addition to local historical society meetings. Even social organizations would
find something to like in these essays. The essay by Richard S. Newman covers
Prince Hall and the founding of Prince Hall Freemasonry in the United States
which just naturally impels the reader to look up more information on that
subject.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The essays
that deal with events following the Revolution are poignant in that they cover
subjects which have been debated throughout our nation’s history such as
taxation, the unequal distribution of wealth, religion, the relationship
between federal and state government, and the role of the people within both
the state and federal governments. The reader should begin to understand that
these essays deal with a time that is lost to the modern world and was experiencing
massive upheavals in every aspect of life from top to bottom as the people
began the world over again as Thomas Paine said. The men and women in these
essays were the ones that helped bring that event about as well as determining
the shape of things to come for their posterity.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd_L2-Pp-Hue9T_Aig3SLdoso-k3OTgr6tAZyHbojYO571kl-wNC495MBCaQAxqZe-QEixWq8X3aSDrFQ2zGy6IpvevpDr6LmGtA7YV2Rz_wp3l8aG-sjRxwsI6WAS5vTE0s8SfawU7me-/s1600/Bunker+Hill+II.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd_L2-Pp-Hue9T_Aig3SLdoso-k3OTgr6tAZyHbojYO571kl-wNC495MBCaQAxqZe-QEixWq8X3aSDrFQ2zGy6IpvevpDr6LmGtA7YV2Rz_wp3l8aG-sjRxwsI6WAS5vTE0s8SfawU7me-/s320/Bunker+Hill+II.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-59797899183767954732015-12-15T11:27:00.003-06:002015-12-15T11:27:43.729-06:00History...Yesterday in the Present, No. 12<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs4YGtdwzUausF4wZS1DXpQzjBDIS-7jJk2afEPYLM3R22-2mHeX7k0jWsCeWopxhf28nb4_7ow2t84HtwPdQsr_MpW43gEM7jkrDIIkHJUdbfSCoW6NLnGoqBnD8hxb7doryhc894tr10/s1600/New+Picture.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="64" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs4YGtdwzUausF4wZS1DXpQzjBDIS-7jJk2afEPYLM3R22-2mHeX7k0jWsCeWopxhf28nb4_7ow2t84HtwPdQsr_MpW43gEM7jkrDIIkHJUdbfSCoW6NLnGoqBnD8hxb7doryhc894tr10/s320/New+Picture.bmp" width="320" /></a></div>
<header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">
Happy birthday, Bill of Rights!</h1>
<div class="entry-meta">
<time class="entry-time" datetime="2015-12-15T06:15:41+00:00" itemprop="datePublished">December 15, 2015</time> by <span class="entry-author" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a class="entry-author-link" href="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/author/ncc/" itemprop="url" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name" itemprop="name">NCC Staff </span></a></span> </div>
</header><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled">
<div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-official sd-sharing">
(Original article appears on National Constitution Center website)</div>
<div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-official sd-sharing">
<br /></div>
</div>
Today we celebrate the anniversary of the first 10 amendments, known as the <a href="http://constitutioncenter.org/constitution/issues/bill-of-rights">Bill of Rights</a> (ratified December 15, 1791). Here’s what you need to know:<br />
<h3>
<a href="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/bill-of-rights400x300.jpg"><img alt="bill-of-rights400x300" class="alignleft wp-image-35209" height="240" src="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/bill-of-rights400x300.jpg" width="320" /></a>WHAT IT DOES</h3>
<h3>
The 10 amendments that make up the Bill of Rights guarantee essential rights and civil liberties:
</h3>
— <a href="http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-i">The First Amendment</a> guarantees the freedom of religion, speech, the press, assembly, and petition.<br />
— <a href="http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-ii">The Second Amendment</a> guarantees the right to bear arms.<br />
— <a href="http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-iii">The Third Amendment</a> prohibits the forced quartering of soldiers.<br />
— <a href="http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-iv">The Fourth Amendment</a> protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures.<br />
— The <a href="http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-v">Fifth Amendment</a>
prohibits people from being subjected to double jeopardy or being
forced to testify against themselves; ensures that “life, liberty, or
property” may only be taken through due process of law; and private
property be taken for public use, without just compensation.<br />
— The <a href="http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-vi">Sixth Amendment</a> protects the right to a fair trial by jury.<br />
— The <a href="http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-vii">Seventh Amendment</a> protects the right to a jury trial in civil cases.<br />
— The <a href="http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-viii">Eighth Amendment</a> prohibits excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment.<br />
— The <a href="http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-ix">Ninth Amendment</a> emphasizes that certain rights being listed in the Constitution does not mean those are the <em>only</em> rights that belong to the people.<br />
— The <a href="http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-x">10th Amendment</a> states that any powers not granted to the federal government are reserved to the states and the people.<br />
<h3>
WHY IT WAS ADDED</h3>
One key debate surrounding the creation of the U.S. Constitution was
the inclusion of a Bill of Rights. Several delegates at the
Constitutional Convention were concerned that without a Bill of Rights,
our most important rights would be unprotected. Others felt that a Bill
of Rights was unnecessary and that outlining certain rights would imply
that those were the only rights reserved to the people. By the end of
the convention, a Bill of Rights was overruled.<br />
The Constitution, sans Bill of Rights, was signed by 39 delegates on
September 17, 1787, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. Three other
delegates were present but refused to sign–in part because of the
absence of a Bill of Rights: Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts and Edmund
Randolph and George Mason of Virginia.<br />
After the convention, the absence of a Bill of Rights emerged as a
central part of the ratification debates. Anti-Federalists, who opposed
ratification, pointed to the missing Bill of Rights as a fatal flaw.
Several states ratified the Constitution on the condition that a Bill of
Rights be promptly added, and many even offered suggestions for what to
include.<br />
<h3>
WORD-FOR-WORD</h3>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<blockquote>
<strong>Amendment I</strong><br />
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.<br />
<strong>Amendment II</strong><br />
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free
State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be
infringed.<br />
<strong>Amendment III</strong><br />
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without
the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.<br />
<strong>Amendment IV</strong><br />
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.<br />
<strong>Amendment V</strong><br />
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in
actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be
subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or
limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use,
without just compensation.<br />
<strong>Amendment VI</strong><br />
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against
him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,
and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.<br />
<strong>Amendment VII</strong><br />
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no
fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the
United States, than according to the rules of the common law.<br />
<strong>Amendment VIII</strong><br />
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.<br />
<strong>Amendment IX</strong><br />
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.<br />
<strong>Amendment X</strong><br />
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively,
or to the people.</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<strong>Recent Stories on The Bill Of Rights</strong><br />
<a href="http://wp.me/p13iVO-7WH" target="_blank">Can you pass a Bill of Rights quiz?</a><br />
<a href="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2015/12/happy-birthday-bill-of-rights-2/">Happy birthday, Bill of Rights!</a><br />
<a href="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2015/12/when-congress-passed-the-original-12-amendments-in-the-bill-of-rights/" target="_blank">Why didn’t the original 12 amendments make it into the Bill of Rights?</a><br />
<a href="http://wp.me/p13iVO-7WI" target="_blank">Eight basic facts about the Bill of Rights</a>Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-791841876833479192015-12-06T21:06:00.004-06:002015-12-06T21:07:49.591-06:00History...Yesterday in the Present, No. 11<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbjINT2_xTwBLVvjp4Z_r_ya6euhSfgq7ssbpFyT2hINordvqhjHvxJZ0Fj9h67TY8lCgrBWobrQsKJBJZnueIuhNaKMyoI2IfysNHZBKuEJyQdYqcJdmhjpCzwzUa1jTV-n4Te0u5d2EA/s1600/New+Picture.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="64" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbjINT2_xTwBLVvjp4Z_r_ya6euhSfgq7ssbpFyT2hINordvqhjHvxJZ0Fj9h67TY8lCgrBWobrQsKJBJZnueIuhNaKMyoI2IfysNHZBKuEJyQdYqcJdmhjpCzwzUa1jTV-n4Te0u5d2EA/s320/New+Picture.bmp" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="entry-content">
Reposting this from Brooks Simpson's Crossroads blog where it appeared earlier today. <a href="https://cwcrossroads.wordpress.com/">Crossroads</a><br />
<br />
On December 6, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment became part of the United States Constitution.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="13th Amendment" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-10799" height="587" src="https://cwcrossroads.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/amendment.jpg?w=954" width="636" /><br />
<br />
Note that when the amendment went out to the state legislatures for
ratification, Abraham Lincoln affixed his signature … an unnecessary
part of the process. Just ask Andrew Johnson.<br />
<br />
<img alt="new-york-herald-newspaper-1207-1865-slavery" class=" size-full wp-image-10805 aligncenter" height="517" src="https://cwcrossroads.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/new-york-herald-newspaper-1207-1865-slavery.png?w=636" width="496" /><br />
<br />
That’s how the <i>New York Herald</i> informed its readers of this
event on December 7. Note that it was Georgia’s ratification that made
the amendment part of the Constitution.<br />
Free at last, indeed. What freedom would mean was still left to be defined.<br />
One should note, however, the oft-overlooked exception:<br />
<b>—-</b><br />
<b>Section 1.</b> Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, <i>except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted</i>, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.<br />
<b>Section 2.</b> Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.<br />
—-<br />
Some people like to think this still means that slavery survives in
some form. Apparently the phrase “involuntary servitude” escapes their
notice. After all, a work crew of prisoners is engaged in “involuntary
servitude,” and the amendment did not prevent the evolution of <b><a href="http://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/chain-gangs/" target="_blank">chain gangs.</a></b><br />
Section Two would become familiar wording in the drafting of
constitutional amendments during Reconstruction. Usually the story of
the amendment ends with its ratification (and indeed the drama of the
story ends with the congressional passage of the amendment). But
southern legislatures knew better: several attempted to restrict the
meaning of the second section because they were worried about how
Congress might attempt not only to define but also to protect freedom.
For those of you who think it would have been a good idea to let white
southerners manage their own reconstruction, these reservations suggest
that if left to themselves white southerners would have restricted black
freedom to the bare minimum, as the Black Codes would suggest. So much
for the fable of white and black southerners living together in blissful
harmony.<br />
For more, <b><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/12/06/the-civil-war-almost-didn-t-end-slavery.html" target="_blank">read Kevin Levin’s essay</a></b>.</div>
Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-54220138345537833822015-12-05T10:47:00.003-06:002015-12-05T10:47:48.192-06:00The Mad Historian's Athenaeum, Vol. 1, No. 23<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEm1JSyyD32KQhxm4_cnmhMxvZqsnqfBotzrf_3dGPTjqVldKWBwLvqrOYc6DAdDNQ0a4wJxnAQ99fBPifnA8wbY1mJtvKZuK3_TU21UFDpfMlxY_FAQc9mF_6ZVkSdXu-3gH3UMs_Q92-/s1600/Pedagogy+of+the+Oppressed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEm1JSyyD32KQhxm4_cnmhMxvZqsnqfBotzrf_3dGPTjqVldKWBwLvqrOYc6DAdDNQ0a4wJxnAQ99fBPifnA8wbY1mJtvKZuK3_TU21UFDpfMlxY_FAQc9mF_6ZVkSdXu-3gH3UMs_Q92-/s1600/Pedagogy+of+the+Oppressed.jpg" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Freire, Paulo. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 30<sup>th</sup>
Anniversary Edition. </i>Translated by Myra B. Ramos. New York: Continuum,
2000. 189 ppg.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjvbZ5UlbF8WxUtzrNQPZxI7AamJXRIofbQ-V5h6tCakVXt6KJt5OdMCJ7D4PzCyMM8vRmsH_P9LnWlbtxy67BOcDlncZPPE5Rmws5KUqN3Iy9RIGoexr7Y8IMNIw8xkf19aqaQYYZz7hj/s1600/Pedagogy+of+the+Oppressed2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjvbZ5UlbF8WxUtzrNQPZxI7AamJXRIofbQ-V5h6tCakVXt6KJt5OdMCJ7D4PzCyMM8vRmsH_P9LnWlbtxy67BOcDlncZPPE5Rmws5KUqN3Iy9RIGoexr7Y8IMNIw8xkf19aqaQYYZz7hj/s1600/Pedagogy+of+the+Oppressed2.jpg" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Having
studied the works of Paulo Freire for a few years in my doctoral studies, I
always wanted to read <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pedagogy of the
Oppressed</i> at one point. I finally made time and am not disappointed. Freire
made his point quite clearly and I can see where his pedagogical ideas arise
from. It helps that I understand the context of Freire’s work because otherwise
this book is very likely to be seen as a Marxist educational tract. The
language is that of revolution, but not of the violent sort. Instead, Freire
took pains to stress that the revolution was that of the mind alone through
pedagogy. He referred to this as a dialogical revolution, not a violent one. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3WbahbAJJ_YLKHW0n9T7peAujr4Ts2mZFczhlCKSw-vG80ZrysILWzTe5KTV14scPt2_S7VgpnKhld1bNh6NZMhZxKAZFUQnLCVMYdiH9KTmiYMiSspF4gY88oA4DcXRpKM-jRI9G0JYB/s1600/Paulo+Freire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3WbahbAJJ_YLKHW0n9T7peAujr4Ts2mZFczhlCKSw-vG80ZrysILWzTe5KTV14scPt2_S7VgpnKhld1bNh6NZMhZxKAZFUQnLCVMYdiH9KTmiYMiSspF4gY88oA4DcXRpKM-jRI9G0JYB/s1600/Paulo+Freire.jpg" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Understanding
the history of this book and Paulo Freire is required in order to properly
interpret the contents. Freire was an educator in Brazil in the 1960s who
worked with illiterate peasants. He developed a way to teach the peasants how
to read in a phenomenally short time. The problem with that was Freire also
taught them to question their place in the world. The military dictatorship
running Brazil could not allow its subjects to question its authority. No
totalitarian state can allow that. It lets the peasants begin to reject the
rule by the elites. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPzdEb2StwWu2c6pYFI0ALNVswwP6hFy52WXvhesRM3f9p9mySgMSgOwRbAQKlbpIIURpwD8kXH_iSdOKH5lg9Ufntxm-EcJw5XOcqYKUlvcfnHScGaM8vESWFGg_vwCKTDrZuivVUHy_c/s1600/Critical+Pedagogy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPzdEb2StwWu2c6pYFI0ALNVswwP6hFy52WXvhesRM3f9p9mySgMSgOwRbAQKlbpIIURpwD8kXH_iSdOKH5lg9Ufntxm-EcJw5XOcqYKUlvcfnHScGaM8vESWFGg_vwCKTDrZuivVUHy_c/s320/Critical+Pedagogy.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a
result, Freire was imprisoned. Later, he was exiled whereupon he set out to
transform the lower classes through education. Brazil’s mistake was the world’s
benefit though. Freire would work on his theories and write many books. This
book was the first of several and it had a major impact on the world of
education. Today, Freire is seen as the Godfather of Critical Pedagogy. His
work influences educational theorists. Action research methods are often found
to draw many of their ideas from Freire. For all of these people, it begins
with the reading of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pedagogy of the
Oppressed. </i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzp4TDVqfSx-5GgjDiGe8AyQjQZu5n_KSJjxffMVv_Bi8w7QfwJKJcD8l63qBxC9BCb6vQxeGuJbo7GZh_FsnF9ZPazMpCQGMfxV6rXWVIi4v77QsESG4xSodEaebVV1S0Rvljgnuoxrx2/s1600/Pedagogy+of+the+Oppressed5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzp4TDVqfSx-5GgjDiGe8AyQjQZu5n_KSJjxffMVv_Bi8w7QfwJKJcD8l63qBxC9BCb6vQxeGuJbo7GZh_FsnF9ZPazMpCQGMfxV6rXWVIi4v77QsESG4xSodEaebVV1S0Rvljgnuoxrx2/s320/Pedagogy+of+the+Oppressed5.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is
somewhat controversial today is how Freire wrote about the Cuban Revolution in
this book. Bear in mind he wrote it in 1973 and this was before a lot of the
information about the failures of Castro’s regime had become widely known. His
point of view was without a doubt biased as he wrote from the perspective of
someone who would have supported Castro had he been in Cuba in the 1950s. Most
of what Freire quotes from the revolution deals with the way Castro’s
revolutionaries merged with the peasants of Cuba until both were the same. That
was instrumental in the success of the Revolution. So Freire points this out
and the process by which it occurred. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-zGVEnQn9IHl-N0VWry0HTCCojCn6EDGrSyqBCtsPjnXMoTvToRPZD58Wn0eLBwAd-_j4HRujulEHQBm337pAINpHrQ_AuGffCWyo9dDjYWfvtwsu4zAA8dlQSVn6_f2e8C_8DiqA6Lqm/s1600/Pedagogy+of+the+Oppressed4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-zGVEnQn9IHl-N0VWry0HTCCojCn6EDGrSyqBCtsPjnXMoTvToRPZD58Wn0eLBwAd-_j4HRujulEHQBm337pAINpHrQ_AuGffCWyo9dDjYWfvtwsu4zAA8dlQSVn6_f2e8C_8DiqA6Lqm/s1600/Pedagogy+of+the+Oppressed4.jpg" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While some
are willing to label Freire a Marxist for this view, the point must be made
that historically speaking, this was exactly how successful revolutions were
able to survive and grow in a hostile climate. It was through a dialogue that
the relationship between the two groups grew. Had Castro used coercion to force
support from the peasants his revolution would have failed. That he would
install a repressive regime lacking many of the freedoms he promised to the
peasants is noted by Freire. Indeed, Freire points out that this is not a true
revolution when this occurs as the oppressor has simply been replaced by
another oppressor. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is a
pretty important point to note. There is no way the book could have been used
as the pedagogical guide that it is if Freire had advocated violent
insurrection and totalitarian government. Keep in mind that he wrote this book
for people living in Latin America, not the United States. This is also where
people have incorrect perspectives. It is also why the book was well received
by people in Latin America, most of whom were living under repressive
totalitarian governments. Freire was speaking directly to them, the people for
whom education was denied. He saw education as one of the pivotal means of
creating the ability for the people to revolt against the oppressors. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibjih8-EGuCt2LWJTS7i_rAKu9v8kNMJLvIz8juw5P7Ved7UDPyJKF7joH2Gy9DFCMLhQtLRTZtT-vETmynWzTOtlfXMQ_ypbCaiEChM_Baa7Wb1S5juTAQAzEimaG5yUqqSDQwaM0VU06/s1600/Pedagogy+of+the+Oppressed3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibjih8-EGuCt2LWJTS7i_rAKu9v8kNMJLvIz8juw5P7Ved7UDPyJKF7joH2Gy9DFCMLhQtLRTZtT-vETmynWzTOtlfXMQ_ypbCaiEChM_Baa7Wb1S5juTAQAzEimaG5yUqqSDQwaM0VU06/s320/Pedagogy+of+the+Oppressed3.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
language used in the book is clearly Marxist in nature, but it is simplistic in
identifying who the players are in the system of oppression. Again, he was
speaking to people who had low levels of education. He kept it simple so they
could understand and apply the concepts to their own lives. Remember, Freire
found a way to teach adult peasants how to read in a month. He understood who
he was teaching on a level beyond most people. Reading <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pedagogy </i>from that perspective really is the best possible way to
begin interpreting it. The book itself is a education cornerstone. Freire
followed it up with more books, but this one is the base he would build his
philosophy of Critical Pedagogy upon. It is clearly worth five stars as one of
the seminal educational texts of all time. </div>
Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-71616065766348401812015-12-03T16:18:00.000-06:002015-12-03T16:18:04.036-06:00According to Jim, Vol. I, No. 19<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOkRiOo1_WYaanD-NBB5hVoyCydNfYvf95arNza7_lRCSxsVhIKZ7gOdlJk8UdVedEYIb8xUyI1NR0tP2G-yZsfmiyj_K5cYLJDqppV20-qldDpH2BDwEtxZG8AKeHz3uO8Uj8-_cd3NJJ/s1600/according-to-jim-5101717adfea9.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOkRiOo1_WYaanD-NBB5hVoyCydNfYvf95arNza7_lRCSxsVhIKZ7gOdlJk8UdVedEYIb8xUyI1NR0tP2G-yZsfmiyj_K5cYLJDqppV20-qldDpH2BDwEtxZG8AKeHz3uO8Uj8-_cd3NJJ/s320/according-to-jim-5101717adfea9.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
I somehow missed out on discovering the newest PBS documentary, <i>The Pilgrims</i> by Ric Burns. I had the opportunity to watch it this week via online viewing and it is outstanding. This is definitely not the mythical version of the Pilgrims, but instead is a very fact driven account of what took place in the early 17th century. Gone are the trappings of the sanitized accounts of their early years. Instead, historians deliver the unvarnished reality the Pilgrims were forced to endure and the choices they made to ensure their own survival.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/pilgrims/player/">PBS The Pilgrims</a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/KvBCPxktydE/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KvBCPxktydE?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
<br />
Ric Burns is the younger brother of Ken Burns. Both worked on <i>The Civil War </i>together. In addition to his collaborations with Ken, Ric has made several documentaries with the most well known being <i>New York: A Documentary Film. </i>That is one I am going to have to go watch. <i>The Pilgrims </i>is narrated by Oliver Platt and features Roger Rees in his last role as William Bradford. Rees is simply amazing to watch as he channels the character of Bradford merely by standing still. Bradford was a complex man for his day and Rees brings that out in every scene.<br />
<br />
Additional commentators include Nathaniel Philbrick, Bernard Bailyn, Susan Hardman Moore, Pauline Croft, Nick Bunker, Sue Allen, Jill Lepore, John Demos, Kathleen Donegan, Linda Combs, Tobias Vanderhoop, Margaret Bruchae, and Michael Braddick. The senior historical advisor was Nick Bunker. Historical consultants included Virginia Anderson, Jeremy Bangs, Michael Braddick, Colin Calloway, Pauline Croft, John Demos, Jill Lepore, and Richard Pickering. I loved watching Bernard Baily get animated on certain parts of the narrative. The man is over 90 and still shows his great love of history!<br />
<br />
I strongly suggest you take a look at this film. I will definitely be culling parts for my class as well as picking up the film itself for my library. <br />
<br />Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-11091819972208356032015-10-26T13:35:00.000-05:002015-10-26T18:21:31.091-05:00History...Yesterday in the Present<h1 class="pg-headline">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvVdZgi8ksV6z1s0g_ycw6Di85drs0wQm1tWdGG9ywK42FH7lYV6APgREq1w6yJxxPs6UOfHD0sGrKdysBnIAsujoLQpeMauZ0hzZJSF-_Tt5cyegp1jTWfvtyckBW8z6HUBNvWGIgAyNb/s1600/History...Yesterday+in+the+Present.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="64" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvVdZgi8ksV6z1s0g_ycw6Di85drs0wQm1tWdGG9ywK42FH7lYV6APgREq1w6yJxxPs6UOfHD0sGrKdysBnIAsujoLQpeMauZ0hzZJSF-_Tt5cyegp1jTWfvtyckBW8z6HUBNvWGIgAyNb/s320/History...Yesterday+in+the+Present.bmp" width="320" /></a></div>
</h1>
<h1 class="pg-headline">
Ole Miss removes state flag from campus</h1>
<div class="metadata__byline">
<span class="metadata__byline__author">By <a href="http://www.cnn.com/profiles/eliott-c-mclaughlin-profile">Eliott C. McLaughlin</a>, CNN</span></div>
Updated 2:23 PM ET, Mon October 26, 2015<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="el__leafmedia el__leafmedia--sourced-paragraph">
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<cite class="el-editorial-source"> (CNN)</cite>The University of Mississippi has removed the state flag from campus, according to a university statement issued Monday. </div>
</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
The move comes after student senators <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/20/us/ole-miss-state-flag-confederate-vote/index.html">voted 33-15 with one abstention</a>
last week to ask the school administration to furl the banner, which
includes the Confederate battle emblem in its upper left corner.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
"University
of Mississippi Police Department officers lowered and furled the state
flag in a Lyceum Circle ceremony as the campus opened Monday morning," a
school statement said. "The flag will be preserved in the University
Archives along with resolutions from students, faculty and staff calling
for its removal."</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Like many students
and observers, Buka Okoye, president of the school's NAACP chapter, had
the impression that the school wouldn't act on the student senators'
vote until a new chancellor was appointed. The NAACP was in the process
of organizing a march in two weeks to pressure the university
administration to take down the flag immediately. He was "shocked" to
learn the school had removed the banner Monday, he said.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
"It
was huge that the university came on the right side," he said. "That
was huge for me. It really shows me how much the university has
progressed."</div>
<div class="zn-body__read-all">
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<span class="el__storyelement__header">How a Southern college is combatting its racist history</span> <span class="el__storyelement__gray">03:29</span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
He
is proud that his school has sent the message that it wants to
"distance itself from Confederate iconography in general," and while it
certainly doesn't mean the end of racism, it's another step in taking
down the structures that support racism, he said. </div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
The
next step for him and the NAACP chapter is to pressure the university
to do something about the obelisk honoring "Confederate dead" that is
located in the area of campus known as The Circle, where the state flag
flew. The monument has been there since 1906. </div>
<h3>
Elation, disappointment</h3>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Allen
Coon, a student senator and president of the College Democrats who was
at the forefront of the fight to take down the flag, told CNN he, too,
was surprised and elated by the decision. </div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
"They
didn't announce anything. They did it early this morning," he said.
"The leadership acted swiftly, and despite the opposition from the
governor, who two days ago said college students act emotionally, they
took it down. It's exciting."</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Another student senator, Andrew Soper, who <a href="https://www.change.org/p/um-students-keep-the-flag-of-the-state-of-mississippi-flying-at-the-university-of-mississippi?recruiter=333610139&utm_source=share_petition&utm_medium=facebook&utm_campaign=share_page&utm_term=mob-xs-supporter_signature_milestone_email-no_msg&fb_ref=Default" target="_blank">organized a petition</a>
that drew more than 1,800 signatures (at least 1,500 of which came on
the day of the vote or after the vote) urging Ole Miss to keep the flag
on campus, said he was disappointed to see the flag taken down. </div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
"I
think it's the wrong move. They should have done it through the state
of Mississippi. They didn't do it the right way," he said. </div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<a href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/us/ole-miss-state-flag-confederate-latest-schools-cities/index.html">Ole Miss fires latest shot in Confederate flag flap</a></div>
<h3>
'A flag that speaks to who we are'</h3>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Interim
Chancellor Morris Stocks, who called for the state to change its flag
in June, applauded the civility with which student senators came to
their decision, saying, "Their respect for each other, despite genuine
differences of opinion, was an inspiration to us all."</div>
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<span class="el__storyelement__header">Confederate flag supporter: I will not turn my back</span> <span class="el__storyelement__gray">04:48</span></div>
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<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
"I
understand the flag represents tradition and honor to some. But to
others, the flag means that some members of the Ole Miss family are not
welcomed or valued," he said."Our state needs a flag that speaks to who
we are. It should represent the wonderful attributes about our state
that unite us, not those that still divide us."</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Confederate tributes have <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/10/us/next-confederate-fight/index.html">come under increased scrutiny</a>
in the South since the killings of nine African-Americans at Emanuel
African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina, in
June. Shooter Dylann Roof apparently revered the flag as a symbol of
white supremacy.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
In that state, the
Confederate banner that flew on the Capitol grounds in Columbia was
taken down on July 10, less than a month after the shootings. </div>
<h3>
Many Mississippi cities furl the flag; some keep it flying</h3>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
The vote by the Ole Miss student senators follows a decision by aldermen in Oxford, where Ole Miss is located, <a href="http://wreg.com/2015/08/19/oxford-alderman-remove-mississippi-state-flag-from-city-property/" target="_blank">to remove the flag from city property</a>
in August. That was around the same time actor Morgan Freeman, author
John Grisham, musician Jimmy Buffett and others signed a letter <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/17/us/grisham-freeman-mississippi-confederate-flag/">calling on the state</a> to come up with a new flag.</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
Other Mississippi cities -- including <a href="http://www.wcbi.com/local-news/video-macon-the-latest-mississippi-town-to-bring-down-state-flag/" target="_blank">Macon</a>, <a href="http://www.wapt.com/news/another-mississippi-city-takes-down-state-flag/34285860" target="_blank">Columbus</a>, <a href="http://www.wtva.com/news/local/Grenada_City_Council_votes_to_take_down_state_flag.html" target="_blank">Grenada</a>, <a href="http://wjtv.com/2015/07/14/decision-to-remove-mississippi-state-flag-from-city-hall-in-magnolia-ms-sparks-protest/" target="_blank">Magnolia</a>, <a href="http://www.wdam.com/story/29410121/hattiesburg-mayor-orders-removal-of-state-flag" target="_blank">Hattiesburg</a>, <a href="http://www.myfoxmemphis.com/story/29498721/clarksdale-ms-mayor-removes-flag-from-city-hall" target="_blank">Clarksdale</a>, <a href="http://www.starkvilledailynews.com/content/starkville-aldermen-vote-take-down-state-flag" target="_blank">Starkville</a>, <a href="http://wjtv.com/2015/09/02/yazoo-city-officials-removing-mississippi-state-flag-from-city-buildings/" target="_blank">Yazoo City</a> and <a href="http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2015/aug/19/oxford-and-greenwood-bring-down-mississippi-state-/" target="_blank">Greenwood</a>
-- have voted or issued executive orders to remove the state flag from
city property since the Charleston shooting. (Conversely, the cities of <a href="http://www.wbrc.com/story/29521503/petal-votes-to-keep-the-state-flag-flying" target="_blank">Petal</a> and <a href="http://www.wapt.com/news/gautier-votes-unanimously-to-keep-state-flag-flying/35062126" target="_blank">Gautier</a> have voted since the massacre to keep the flag flying.)</div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="zn-body__paragraph">
The
City Council in the state capital, Jackson, which hasn't flown the
state flag on city property in more than a decade, voted in July to urge
the state to create a new flag, <a href="http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2015/aug/19/oxford-and-greenwood-bring-down-mississippi-state-/" target="_blank">CNN affiliate WAPT reported</a>. </div>
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<span class="el__storyelement__header"> 9 photos:</span> <span class="el__storyelement__gray">The Confederate flag in pop culture</span></div>
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Also taking action since Charleston were <a href="http://wkrg.com/2015/08/15/mississippi-flag-banned-in-leflore-county/" target="_blank">Leflore County</a>, which took down the flag this summer, and the <a href="http://www.wbrc.com/story/29566118/gulf-coast-organization-backing-change-to-the-ms-state-flag" target="_blank">Gulf Coast Business Council</a> and <a href="http://www.wlox.com/story/29618674/chamber-members-weigh-in-on-state-flag-debate" target="_blank">Mississippi Gulf Coast Chamber of Commerce</a>, both of which said they'd endorse a new flag without the Confederate canton in the corner. </div>
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The
Ole Miss vote is also in line with the stances of three other public
state universities that don't fly the flag on their campuses: Jackson
State University, Mississippi Valley State University and Alcorn State
University.</div>
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Mississippi State University's Faculty Senate voted before a 2001 statewide referendum<a href="https://www.facebook.com/msstate/posts/10153351139034564" target="_blank"> to support efforts</a> to change the state flag. <a href="http://msbusiness.com/2015/08/delta-state-condemns-state-flag-calls-for-change/" target="_blank">Delta State University</a> and the <a href="http://www.wdam.com/story/29409520/usm-state-flag-does-not-represent-the-spirit-of-all-mississippians" target="_blank">University of Southern Mississippi</a>, too, have issued statements calling on the state to redesign the banner. </div>
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<a href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/19/us/rebel-flag-tennessee-county/index.html">Tennessee county votes no on flag</a></div>
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The
Mississippi University for Women is the only state university that has
not issued a statement or removed the flag, but an article last month <a href="http://www.muwspectator.com/home/2015/9/21/discussion-continues-over-state-flag" target="_blank">in the school's weekly newspaper</a> reported that faculty and school leaders are discussing the matter. </div>
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The issue of changing the flag was last brought before the state's voters 14 years ago, when Mississippians chose,<a href="http://ballotpedia.org/Mississippi_Flag_Referendum_%28April_2001%29" target="_blank"> by a ratio of nearly 2 to 1</a>, to leave it as is. </div>
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CNN's Nick Valencia and Devon M. Sayers contributed to this report. </div>
Xathoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05910312481367024828noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2009901818483219067.post-8577522844479618012015-10-24T09:33:00.000-05:002015-10-24T09:33:43.820-05:002015 AL Champions<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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